Bangalore University BBA Notes

Latest 2024-25 SEP Notes

1st Semester

Fundamentals of Accounting (Updated) VIEW
Management Dynamics (Updated) VIEW
Business Environment (Updated) VIEW
Quantitative Analysis for Business (Updated) VIEW
Quantitative Analysis for Business Decisions (Updated) VIEW
Environmental Studies (Updated) VIEW

2nd Semester

Financial Accounting (Updated) VIEW
Marketing Dynamics (Updated) VIEW
Organization Behaviors (Updated) VIEW
Data Analysis for Business Decisions (Updated) VIEW
Quantitative Techniques for Business Decisions VIEW
Computer Accounting Tally Prime (CATP) VIEW

3rd Semester

Corporate Accounting (Updated) VIEW
Financial Management (Updated) VIEW
Indian Financial System (Updated) VIEW
Supply Chain and Logistics (Updated) VIEW
Constitution of India (Updated) VIEW

 4th Semester

Fundamentals of Costing (Updated) VIEW
Digital Entrepreneurship (Updated) VIEW
Business Research Methodology (Updated) VIEW
Human Resource Management (Updated) VIEW
Soft Skills for Business (Updated) VIEW

NEP Notes

1st Semester

Management Innovation (Updated) VIEW
Fundamentals of Accountancy (Updated) VIEW
Marketing Management (Updated) VIEW
Digital Fluency (Updated) VIEW
Spreadsheet for Business (Updated) VIEW
Business Organization (Updated) VIEW
Office Organization and Management VIEW
Tourism and Travel Management VIEW
Event Management VIEW

2nd Semester

Financial Accounting and Reporting (Updated) VIEW
Human Resource Management (Updated) VIEW
Business Environment (Updated) VIEW
Retail Management (Updated) VIEW
Management of Non Government Organizations (Updated) VIEW
Digital Fluency (Updated) VIEW

3rd Semester

Elements of Cost Accounting (Updated) VIEW
Organisational Behaviour (Updated) VIEW
Business Statistics (Updated) VIEW
Artificial Intelligence (No Update) VIEW
Rural Marketing (Updated) VIEW
Social Media Marketing (Updated) VIEW

4th Semester

Management Accounting (Updated) VIEW
Business Analytics (Updated) VIEW
Indian Financial System (Updated) VIEW
Financial Management (Updated) VIEW
Constitution of India (Updated) VIEW
Business Leadership Skills (Updated) VIEW
Personal Wealth Management (Updated) VIEW

5th Semester

Production and Operations Management (Updated) VIEW
Income TaxI (Updated) VIEW
Banking Law and Practice (Updated) VIEW
FN1 Advanced Corporate Financial Management (Updated) VIEW
MK1 Consumer Behavior (Updated) VIEW
HRM1 Compensation and Performance Management (Updated) VIEW
DA1 Financial Analytics VIEW
RM1 Fundamentals of Retail Management (Updated) VIEW
LSCM1 Freight Transport Management (Updated) VIEW
Information Technology for Business(Excel & DBMS) (Updated) VIEW
Digital Marketing (Updated) VIEW
Cyber Security (Updated) VIEW
Employability Skills VIEW

6th Semester

Business Law (Updated) VIEW
Income Tax-II (Updated) VIEW
International Business (Updated) VIEW
FN2 Security Analysis and Portfolio Management (Updated) VIEW
MK2 Advertising and Media Management (Updated) VIEW
HRM2 Cultural Diversity at Workplace (Updated) VIEW
DA2 Marketing Analytics VIEW
RM2 Retail Operations Management (Updated) VIEW
LSCM2 Sourcing for Logistics and Supply Chain Management (Updated) VIEW
Goods and Services Tax (Updated) VIEW
ERP Application (Updated) VIEW

 

Bangalore University B.COM Notes

Latest Bangalore University B.Com SEP 2024-25 Syllabus Notes

1st Semester

Financial Accounting (Updated) VIEW
Corporate Law (Updated) VIEW
Modern Marketing (Updated) VIEW
Quantitative Analysis for Business Decisions (Updated) VIEW
Business Quantitative Analysis (Updated) VIEW
Environmental Studies (Updated) VIEW

2nd Semester

Advanced Financial Accounting (Updated) VIEW
Modern Banking (Updated) VIEW
Banking Operations (Updated) VIEW
Human Capital Management (Updated) VIEW
Human Resource Management (Updated) VIEW
Business Data Analysis (Updated) VIEW
Quantitative Techniques for Business Decisions VIEW
Computer Accounting Tally Prime VIEW

3rd Semester

Corporate Accounting (Updated) VIEW
Financial Management (Updated) VIEW
Fundamentals of Costing (Updated) VIEW
Digital Entrepreneurship (Updated) VIEW
India Constitution (Updated) VIEW

4th Semester

Advanced Corporate Accounting (Updated) VIEW
Costing Methods (Updated) VIEW
Stock and Commodity Markets (Updated) VIEW
Business Research Methodology (Updated) VIEW
Soft Skills for Business (Updated) VIEW

5th Semester

Direct Taxation-I (Updated) VIEW
Accounting for Special Entities (Updated) VIEW
Goods and Services Tax (Updated) VIEW
Business Regulations (Updated) VIEW
TDS and ITR Filling (Updated) VIEW
ACCOUNTING and TAXATION Group-1
Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS-I) (Updated) VIEW
Cost Management (Updated) VIEW
FINANCE and FINTECH Group-2
Advanced Financial Management (Updated) VIEW
Fundamentals of Fintech (Updated) VIEW
MARKETING and HUMAN RESOURCE Group-3
Consumer Behavior and Market Research (Updated) VIEW
Performance Management (Updated) VIEW
BUSINESS and BIG DATA ANALYTICS Group-4
Business Analytics and Operations (Updated) VIEW
Fundamentals of BIG DATA (Updated) VIEW

6th Semester

Direct Taxation-II VIEW
Management Accounting VIEW
Auditing and Reporting VIEW
Digital Finance and Fintech VIEW
Employability Skills VIEW
Accounting and Taxation Group-1
Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS-II) VIEW
Corporate Taxation VIEW
FINANCE and FINTECH Group-2
Corporate Valuation and Restructuring VIEW
Block-Chain Technology in Finance VIEW
Marketing and Human Capital Group-3
Retail Management VIEW
Global Human Resource Management VIEW
BUSINESS and BIG DATA ANALYTICS Group-4
Financial Analytics VIEW
Data Modelling VIEW

NEP Syllabus Notes

1st Semester

Financial Accountancy (Updated) VIEW
Business Management & Startups (Updated) VIEW
Principles of Marketing (Updated) VIEW
Digital Fluency (Updated) VIEW
Spreadsheet for Business (Updated) VIEW
Financial Literacy (Updated) VIEW
Business Documents (Updated) VIEW

2nd Semester

Advanced Financial Accounting (Updated) VIEW
Business Ethics (Updated) VIEW
Banking Innovations (Updated) VIEW
E-Business (Updated) VIEW
Fundamentals of Investments in Capital Market (Updated) VIEW
Digital Fluency (Updated) VIEW

3rd Semester

Corporate Accounting (Updated) VIEW
Business Mathematics & Statistics (Updated) VIEW
Indian Financial Services (Updated) VIEW
Company Law & Administration (Updated) VIEW
Constitution of India (Updated) VIEW
Entrepreneurship Skills (Updated) VIEW
Investments in Stock Market (Updated) VIEW

4th Semester

Advanced Corporate Accounting (Updated) VIEW
Cost Accounting (Updated) VIEW
Business Regulations (Updated) VIEW
Artificial Intelligence (No Update) VIEW
Corporate Governance (Updated) VIEW
Investments in Commodity Markets (Updated) VIEW

5th Semester

Financial Management (Updated) VIEW
Income Tax Law and Practice-I (Updated) VIEW
Principles and Practice of Auditing (Updated) VIEW
A1 Indian Accounting Standards-I (Updated) VIEW
F1 Financial Institutions and Markets (Updated) VIEW
M1 Retail Management (Updated) VIEW
H1 Human Resources Development (Updated) VIEW
I1 Basics of Business Analytics (Updated) VIEW
GST Law & Practice (Updated) VIEW
Digital Marketing VIEW
Cyber Security (Updated) VIEW
Employability Skills VIEW

6th Semester

Advanced Financial Management (Updated) VIEW
Income Tax Law and PracticeII (Updated) VIEW
Management Accounting (Updated) VIEW
A2 Indian Accounting Standards2 (Updated) VIEW
F2 Investment Management (Updated) VIEW
M2 Customer Relationship Management (Updated) VIEW
H2 Cultural Diversity at Work Place (Updated) VIEW
I2 HR Analytics (Updated) VIEW
Assessment of Persons other than Individuals and Filing of ITRs (Updated) VIEW
ECommerce (Updated) VIEW

 

Advertising Creative Process, Creative Strategy Development, Advertising campaign

Creativity in advertising does not exist in a vacuum. Productive originality and imagination are useful in all areas, even those that relate to such typically managerial tasks as the planning and organisation of advertising departments, and the establishment of controls.

In a recent survey of top managers in large corporation the lacks of innovative thinking in promotion was identified as a major concern. Specifically, there appeared to be general unwillingness to take necessary risks, as well as inability to define new methods for promoting products to customers in the face of major increase in the cost of media advertising and personal selling.

The creative process is not a scientific process; rather it evolves from insight or inspiration. Nonetheless creativity in advertising must not only produce unique and interesting results, it must also produce useful solutions to real problems. Baker describes the concept of creativity as a pyramid divided into three parts.

Advertising creativity frequently takes off from a base of a systematic accumulation of facts and analysis. The second phase represents processing, or analysis, and the third part—the idea—is the culmination of creative efforts.

English sociologist Graham Walls outlined the four steps in creative process as follows (Fig.):

Fig: Graham Walls creative process

Step-I:

Preparation:

Gathering background information needed to solve the problem through research and study.

Step-II:

Incubation:

Getting away and letting ideas develop.

Step-III:

illumination:

Seeing the light or solution.

Step-IV:

Verification:

Refining and polishing the idea and seeing if it is an appropriate solution. One of the most popular approaches to creativity in advertising was developed by James Webb Young, a former creative vice president at the J. Walter Thompson agency.

Young said that “the production of ideas is just as definite a process as the production of Fords; that the production of ideas, too, runs an assembly line; that in this production the mind follows an operative technique which can be learned and controlled; and that its effective use is just as much as a matter of practice in the technique as in the effective use of any tool”.

Young’s model of the creative process contain five steps (Fig.):

Fig: James Webb Young creative process

Step 1:

Immersion:

Gathering raw material and information through background research and immersing yourself in the problem.

Step 2:

Digestion:

Taking information, working it over, and wrestling with it in the mind.

Step 3:

Incubation:

Putting the problems out of your conscious mind and turning the information over to subconscious to do the work.

Step 4:

illumination:

The birth of an idea The “Eureka! I have it” phenomenon.

Step 5:

Reality or Verification:

Studying the idea to see if it still looks good or solves the problem, then shaping the idea to practical usefulness.

Model of the creative process are valuable to those working in the creative area of advertising, since they offer an organised way to approach an advertising problem. Preparation or gathering of information is the first step in the creative process.

The advertiser and agency start by developing a thorough understanding of the product or services, the target market, and the competition. Attention is also focused on the role of advertising in the marketing and promotional programme.

These models do not say much about how this information will be synthesized and used by the creative specialist because this part of the process is unique to the individual. In many ways, it is what sets apart the great creative minds and strategists in advertising.

Fig: Sequence of event in the development of message

Principles of Advertising Strategy:

As all advertising process begin with an advertising strategy. Advertising strategy is the formulation of advertising message that communicate the benefit or problem solution characteristics of the product or service to the market.

The message must be consumer oriented in meeting consumer needs or wants and must offer the desired consumer benefit, otherwise even a brilliant advertising strategy will not succeed. Hence, the advertising message must be the right one which when projected to the right audience at the right time, will bring the desired results.

Following principles (guide lines) are to be kept-in mind while formulating the advertising strategy:

(a) The consumer benefit must be directly related to the specific features of the product. This strategy would differentiate the product from the competitors. Then the consumer need or want associated with a particular brand reduces the competitor’s edge.

(b) Right type of media should be chosen for the product/service advertising for the proper and effective communication

(c) The benefit offered to the consumer must be wanted by the consumers. The product features offered must be what the consumer actually wants and not what the manufacturer thinks that the consumer wants.

(d) The advertising message must be clear that the product offered will solve a consumer problem and fulfill a consumer need or offer a consumer benefit. The benefit must be clearly communicated.

Advertising Campaign

Advertising campaigns are the groups of advertising messages which are similar in nature. They share same messages and themes placed in different types of medias at some fixed times. The time frames of advertising campaigns are fixed and specifically defined.

The very prime thing before making an ad campaign is to know-

Why refers to the objective of advertising campaign. The objective of an advertising campaign is to

  • Inform people about your product
  • Convince them to buy the product
  • Make your product available to the customers

The process of making an advertising campaign is as follows:

  1. Research: First step is to do a market research for the product to be advertised. One needs to find out the product demand, competitors, etc.
  2. Know the target audience: One need to know who are going to buy the product and who should be targeted.
  3. Setting the budget: The next step is to set the budget keeping in mind all the factors like media, presentations, paper works, etc which have a role in the process of advertising and the places where there is a need of funds.
  4. Deciding a proper theme: The theme for the campaign has to be decided as in the colors to be used, the graphics should be similar or almost similar in all ads, the music and the voices to be used, the designing of the ads, the way the message will be delivered, the language to be used, jingles, etc.
  5. Selection of media: The media or number of Medias selected should be the one which will reach the target customers.
  6. Media scheduling: The scheduling has to be done accurately so that the ad will be visible or be read or be audible to the targeted customers at the right time.
  7. Executing the campaign: Finally the campaign has to be executed and then the feedback has to be noted.

Mostly used media tools are print media and electronic media. Print media includes newspaper, magazines, pamphlets, banners, and hoardings. Electronic media includes radio, television, e-mails, sending message on mobiles, and telephonic advertising. The only point to remember is getting a proper frequency for the ad campaign so that the ad is visible and grasping time for customers is good enough.

All campaigns do not have fix duration. Some campaigns are seasonal and some run all year round. All campaigns differ in timings. Some advertising campaigns are media based, some are area based, some are product based, and some are objective based. It is seen that generally advertising campaigns run successfully, but in case if the purpose is not solved in any case, then the theory is redone, required changes are made using the experience, and the remaining campaign is carried forward.

Advertisement Creativity: Introduction, importance

Creativity is probably one of the most commonly used terms in advertising ads. The people who develops ads and commercials are known as creative professionals. And advertising agencies develop reputations for their creativity. Perhaps so much attention is focused on the concept of creativity because many people view the specific challenge given to those who develop an advertising message as being creative.

It is their job to turn all of the information regarding product features and benefits, marketing plans consumer research and communica­tion objectives into a creative concept that will bring the advertising message to life. This begs the question: What is meant by creativity in advertising?

Creativity is generally defined in aesthetic terms:

The ability to produce new, useful ideas; originally, imagination: or the capacity for joining two or more elements to form a new unity or purpose. However, each definition leaves out the utilization or productive function of creativity which applies to advertising.

An individual creates an environment which affects the extent and manner of his creativity. What emerges is not only an expression of the inner state of the creater; it is also designed to meet externally defined needs and goals. Creativity in advertising is an example of a combination of both aesthetics and problem solving.

Perspective on what constitutes creativity in advertising vary. At one extreme are those who argue that advertising is creative only if it sells the product. An advertising message or campaign’s impact on sales counts more than whether it is innovative or wins awards.

At the other end of the continuum are those who judge the creativity of an ad in terms of its artistic or aesthetic value and originality. They contend creative ads can break through the competitive clutter, grab the consumer’s attention, and have some impact.

What constitutes creativity in advertising is probably some where between the two extremes. To break through the clutter and make an impression on the target audience, an ad often must be unique and entertaining. Research has shown that a major determinant of whether a commercial will be successful in changing brand preferences is its “likability” or the viewer’s over all reaction.

Television commercials and print ads that are well designed and executed and generate emotional responses can create positive feelings that are transferred to the product or service being advertised. Many creative people believe this type of advertising can come out only if they are given considerable latitude in developing advertising messages.

But ads that are creative only for the sake of being creative often fail to communicate a relevant or meaningful message that will lead consumers to purchase a product or service.

Everyone involved in planning and developing an advertising campaign must understand the importance of balancing the ‘it’s not creative unless it sells’ perspective with the novelty/uniqueness and impact position.

Marketing and product managers or account executives must recognise that imposing to many sales and marketing oriented communica­tion objective on the creative team can result in mediocre advertising which is often ineffective in today’s competitive, cluttered media environment.

At the same time, the creative specialists must recognise that the goal of advertising is to assist in selling the product or service and good advertising must communicate in manner that helps the client achieve this goal.

Advertising creativity is the ability to generate fresh, unique, and appropriate ideas that can be used as solutions to communication problems. To be appropriate and effective, a creative idea must be relevant to the target audience.

Many ad agencies recognise the importance of developing advertising that is creative and different yet communicates relevant information to the target audience. The agency views a creative advertising message as one built around a creative core or power idea and using excellent design and execution to communicate information that interests the target audience.

Advertising creativity is not the exclusive domain of those who work on the creative side of advertising. The nature of business requires creative thinking from everyone involved in the promotional planning process.

Individuals in the agency, such as account executives, media planners, researchers and attorneys, as well as those on the client side, such as marketing and brand managers must all seek creative solutions to problems encountered in planning, developing and executing an advertising campaign.

Advertising Creative Strategy Evaluation:

  1. The end product advertising planning and creative strategy, and its execution, is the form in which an advertisement appears.
  2. There are variations according to the media used.
  3. The creation of an advertising message commences with the overall marketing and advertising goals.
  4. Setting of advertising budget provides boundary parameters so that the formulation of the message may be trimmed down accordingly.
  5. The seeds of advertising message are to be found in the purchase preposition.
  6. The success or failure of the message, as measured by the reception by the audience depends a great deal on what the advertiser has to offer, not merely in terms of product quality and characteristics but more as to their relevance to the prospect’s requirements and mental make up.
  7. The entire copy should be structured along the AIDA line.

Determining the message theme/major selling ideas

Today every company needs to advertise its product to inform the customers about the product, increase the sales, acquire market value, and gain reputation and name in the industry. Every business spends lot of money for advertising their products but the money spent will lead to success only when the best techniques of advertising are used for the product. So here are some very common and most used techniques used by the advertisers to get desired results.

  1. Emotional Appeal

This technique of advertising is done with help of two factors – needs of consumers and fear factor. Most common appeals under need are:

  • need for something new
  • need for getting acceptance
  • need for not being ignored
  • need for change of old things
  • need for security
  • need to become attractive, etc.

Most common appeals under fear are:

  • fear of accident
  • fear of death
  • fear of being avoided
  • fear of getting sick
  • fear of getting old, etc.
  1. Promotional Advertising

This technique involves giving away samples of the product for free to the consumers. The items are offered in the trade fairs, promotional events, and ad campaigns in order to gain the attention of the customers.

  1. Bandwagon Advertising

This type of technique involves convincing the customers to join the group of people who have bought this product and be on the winning side. For e.g. recent Pantene shampoo ad which says “15crores women trusted Pantene, and you?”

  1. Facts and Statistics

Here, advertisers use numbers, proofs, and real examples to show how good their product works. For e.g. “Lizol floor cleaner cleans 99.99% germs” or “Colgate is recommended by 70% of the dentists of the world” or Eno – just 6 seconds.

  1. Unfinished Ads

The advertisers here just play with words by saying that their product works better but don’t answer how much more than the competitor. For e.g. Lays – no one can eat just one or Horlicks more nutrition daily. The ads don’t say who can eat more or how much more nutrition.

  1. Weasel Words

In this technique, the advertisers don’t say that they are the best from the rest, but don’t also deny. E.g. Sunsilk Hairfall Solution – reduces hairfall. The ad doesn’t say stops hairfall.

  1. Endorsements

The advertisers use celebrities to advertise their products. The celebrities or star endorse the product by telling their own experiences with the product. Recently a diamond jewellery ad had superstar Amitabh Bacchan and his wife Jaya advertising the product. The ad showed how he impressed his wife by making a smart choice of buying this brand. Again, Sachin tendulkar, a cricket star, endorsed for a shoe brand.

  1. Complementing the Customers

Here, the advertisers used punch lines which complement the consumers who buy their products. E.g. Revlon says “Because you are worth it.”

  1. Ideal Family and Ideal Kids

The advertisers using this technique show that the families or kids using their product are a happy go lucky family. The ad always has a neat and well furnished home, well mannered kids and the family is a simple and sweet kind of family. E.g. a dettol soap ad shows everyone in the family using that soap and so is always protected from germs. They show a florescent color line covering whole body of each family member when compared to other people who don’t use this soap.

10. Patriotic Advertisements

These ads show how one can support their country while he uses their product or service. For e. g some products together formed a union and claimed in their ad that if you buy any one of these products, you are going to help a child to go to school. One more cellular company ad had a celebrity showing that if the customers use this company’s sim card, then they can help control population of the country.

11. Questioning the Customers

The advertisers using this technique ask questions to the consumers to get response for their products. E.g. Amway advertisement keeps on asking questions like who has so many farms completely organic in nature, who gives the strength to climb up the stairs at the age of 70, who makes the kids grow in a proper and nutritious ways, is there anyone who is listening to these entire questions. And then at last the answer comes – “Amway : We are Listening.”

12. Bribe

This technique is used to bribe the customers with some thing extra if they buy the product using lines like “buy one shirt and get one free”, or “be the member for the club for two years and get 20% off on all services.”

13. Surrogate Advertising

This technique is generally used by the companies which cannot advertise their products directly. The advertisers use indirect advertisements to advertise their product so that the customers know about the actual product. The biggest example of this technique is liquor ads. These ads never show anyone drinking actual liquor and in place of that they are shown drinking some mineral water, soft drink or soda.

These are the major techniques used by the advertisers to advertise their product. There are some different techniques used for online advertising such as web banner advertising in which a banner is placed on web pages, content advertising using content to advertise the product online, link advertising giving links on different sites to directly visit the product website, etc.

Introduction to USP

The unique selling proposition (USP) or unique selling point is a marketing strategy of making a unique proposition to customers that convinced them to switch brands. It was used in successful advertising campaigns of the early 1940s. The term was coined by television advertising pioneer Rosser Reeves of Ted Bates & Company. Theodore Levitt, a professor at Harvard Business School, suggested that, “Differentiation is one of the most important strategic and tactical activities in which companies must constantly engage.” The term has been extended to cover one’s “personal brand”.

A unique selling proposition (USP) refers to the unique benefit exhibited by a company, service, product or brand that enables it to stand out from competitors. The unique selling proposition must be a feature that highlights product benefits that are meaningful to consumers.

As described by Dr. James Blythe, the USP “contains the one feature of the product that most stands out as different from the competition, and is usually a feature that conveys unique benefits to the consumer.” Communicating the USP is a key element of branding.

In Reality in Advertising, Reeves laments that the USP is widely misunderstood. He outlined three basic rules for an advertisement that encapsulated his ideas about the USP:

  • Each advertisement must make a proposition to the consumer not just words, product puffery, or show-window advertising. Each advertisement must say to each reader: “Buy this product, for this specific benefit.”
  • The proposition must be one the competition cannot or does not offer. It must be unique either in the brand or a claim the rest of that particular advertising area does not make.
  • The proposition must be strong enough to move the masses, i.e., attract new customers as well as potential customers.

Importance

In essence, your USP must communicate to your audience that your product has superior value, and that this value is only attainable if they buy from your brand.

A well-developed USP is vital when you’re setting out any marketing strategy. It gives you clarity around the content you want to develop for any online or offline marketing. Its benefits to your marketing strategy include:

A Clear Benefit

When your product or service’s benefit is well-defined by its USP, your target audience learns to appreciate it for that particular aspect e.g 24/7 support or calls returned in 1 hour. Otherwise, your customers will simply gravitate towards others that offer the lowest price, regardless of what other product benefits you may have to offer.

Improved Revenue

A strong product USP improves your marketing as a whole and helps bolster revenue because it gives your market a specific reason to buy. Combined with your product’s intrinsic benefits and a competitive price, your USP will help cement your product’s position in the market, so that your customers will want to keep paying for it.

Loyal Market

When you build a strong and positive product identity via a significant USP, it tells your market where they stand with you. You don’t want your product to be an option amongst other brands, after all. With a powerful USP, you can easily corner the market segment that needs and wants exactly what you’re offering, increasing their loyalty to your brand.

Streamlined Sales Strategy

A generic marketing and sales campaign may be hit-or-miss because it’s harder to highlight your product’s strengths. A good USP streamlines your strategy by allowing you to communicate how you want your market to perceive your product and brand, and focus on its particular benefits.

The USP concept has become one of the eight broad approaches to creative executions in advertising. The USP approach is recommended where high levels of technological innovation characterise a product category. A clear USP helps consumers to understand differences – even non-existent differences between brand offerings in a category, and may also help consumers to form a positive attitude towards a brand and may ultimately contribute to increased levels of brand recall.

In order to determine an appropriate USP for any given brand, marketers must undertake extensive research of the category as well as of consumers. It is important to be able to locate a space in the market, ensure that the feature is something that is unique, and also something that is valued by potential customers.

Sellers also need to try selling a brand to themselves; this is so they know they are passionate about a product and confident it can succeed. The seller needs a key point to use when trying to sell their product or service, and coming up with it prior to selling will benefit.

Having a point of difference to stand out is a major benefit in markets; customers will be drawn to a business if it offers something no one else has. Whether differences are subtle or blatant, they can be the driving force that ensures the end-consumer makes the desired decision in choosing one product over the competition. This is exactly what every business should be looking into whether it is home-delivery service from a store or all-organic food at a restaurant.

In markets which contain many similar products, using a USP is one campaign method of differentiating the product from the competition. Products or services without differentiation risk the consumer seeing them as commodities and fungible, thus lowering price potential. Thus having a unique selling point is essential to have a successful business that can handle current competition, as well as possible future comers in similar markets.

Advertising Persuasion, Types, Features, Benefits and Challenges

Advertising Persuasion refers to the strategic use of messages and communication techniques in advertisements to influence the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of target audiences. This process aims to convince potential customers about the benefits of a product or service, encouraging them to adopt a particular viewpoint or to make a purchase decision. By leveraging elements such as emotional appeals, logical arguments, credibility claims, and social proof, advertisers seek to shape consumer perceptions and drive desired actions. Effective advertising persuasion not only informs and educates but also emotionally engages with the audience, leading to increased brand loyalty and sales.

Persuasion Technique:

  • Social Proof:

This technique relies on the principle that people tend to follow the actions of others. By showcasing testimonials, reviews, endorsements, or user-generated content, advertisers demonstrate that others have had positive experiences with the product or brand, making it more desirable and trustworthy.

  • Scarcity:

Creating a sense of scarcity or urgency can motivate consumers to take action. Limited-time offers, exclusive deals, or low stock notifications appeal to consumers’ fear of missing out (FOMO) and prompt them to make a purchase before the opportunity disappears.

  • Reciprocity:

Reciprocity is based on the idea that people feel obligated to return favors or concessions. Advertisers may offer free samples, trials, or valuable content upfront, creating a sense of indebtedness that increases the likelihood of future purchases or engagement.

  • Authority:

Leveraging the credibility and expertise of authoritative figures or sources can enhance persuasion. Expert endorsements, industry awards, or certifications communicate that the product or brand is trustworthy and backed by knowledgeable sources, increasing consumer confidence.

  • Consistency:

Encouraging small commitments or actions can lead to larger, more significant commitments over time. Advertisers may start by asking consumers to agree with a small statement or take a simple action related to the brand, making them more likely to align with the brand’s messaging in the future.

  • Emotional Appeal:

Appealing to consumers’ emotions can be a powerful persuasion technique. Advertisements that evoke feelings of joy, fear, nostalgia, or empathy resonate more deeply with audiences, driving emotional connections and influencing decision-making.

  • Liking:

Building rapport and likability with the audience can increase persuasion. Advertisers may use relatable characters, humor, or storytelling to create a positive association with the brand, making consumers more receptive to its messaging.

  • Authority Bias:

People are more likely to trust and comply with requests from authoritative figures or institutions. Advertisers may cite scientific studies, expert opinions, or endorsements from credible sources to leverage this bias and increase persuasion.

  • Consensus:

Highlighting the popularity or widespread adoption of a product can persuade consumers to follow suit. Messaging that emphasizes the number of satisfied customers, social media followers, or sales figures creates a perception of consensus, making the product more appealing.

  • Anchoring:

Presenting an initial, higher-priced option can anchor consumers’ perceptions of value, making subsequent options seem more reasonable in comparison. Advertisers may strategically position premium or luxury products alongside more affordable alternatives to influence purchasing decisions.

Advertising Persuasion Types:

  1. Rational Persuasion:

Uses logical arguments and factual evidence to appeal to the audience’s sense of reason. It often highlights product benefits, quality, functionality, and value for money to persuade consumers that the product is the best choice.

  1. Emotional Persuasion:

Appeals to the audience’s emotions to elicit a response that influences behavior. This can include happiness, fear, excitement, or nostalgia. Emotional persuasion is powerful in creating brand loyalty and motivating purchase decisions based on feelings rather than logic.

  1. Ethical Persuasion:

Involves using moral or ethical appeals to influence consumers. Brands may highlight their commitment to social responsibility, environmental sustainability, or ethical practices to align with the values of their target audience.

  1. Social Persuasion:

Leverages social factors, including norms, peer pressure, and the desire for social acceptance. Advertisements may showcase testimonials, celebrity endorsements, or user-generated content to persuade consumers that a product is popular or endorsed by people they admire or relate to.

  1. Fear Persuasion:

Utilizes fear-based appeals to motivate consumers to take action to avoid negative outcomes. This is often used in public health campaigns, insurance advertising, and security products, cautioning consumers about what could happen if they don’t take a specific action.

  1. Scarcity Persuasion:

Highlights the limited availability of a product or the exclusivity of an offer to create a sense of urgency. This type of persuasion plays on the consumer’s fear of missing out (FOMO) to encourage quick decision-making.

  1. Authority Persuasion:

Uses the influence of experts, authority figures, or credible sources to persuade the audience. When consumers perceive that information comes from a knowledgeable and trustworthy source, they are more likely to be persuaded.

  1. Reciprocity Persuasion:

Based on the principle that people feel obliged to give back when something is given to them. Advertisements using this approach might offer free trials, samples, or bonuses, creating a sense of indebtedness and encouraging future purchases.

  1. Commitment and Consistency Persuasion:

Encourages consumers to make small commitments that lead to larger commitments later on. This is based on the psychological principle that people strive to be consistent with their past decisions and actions.

Advertising Persuasion Features:

  1. Target Audience Understanding:

Effective advertising persuasion begins with a deep understanding of the target audience, including their needs, desires, values, and behaviors. This knowledge allows advertisers to craft messages that resonate personally and emotionally with the audience.

  1. Clear Value Proposition:

Persuasive advertising clearly communicates the value proposition of a product or service. It highlights how the offering solves a problem, improves the consumer’s life, or provides a unique benefit, making the decision to purchase straightforward.

  1. Emotional Appeal:

Emotions drive decision-making. Persuasive advertising often taps into specific emotions such as joy, fear, excitement, or nostalgia, creating a strong emotional connection with the brand or product that motivates action.

  1. Credibility and Trust:

Establishing credibility through the use of expert endorsements, customer testimonials, or demonstrating industry leadership helps build trust. Consumers are more likely to be persuaded by brands they view as trustworthy and reliable.

  1. Compelling Storytelling:

Stories engage audiences more deeply than facts alone. Persuasive advertising often uses storytelling to create a narrative around the brand or product, making it more memorable and encouraging consumers to form a personal connection.

  1. Visual and Sensory Elements:

The use of striking visuals, colors, music, and even scents can enhance advertising persuasion by making ads more noticeable, memorable, and emotionally impactful. These elements can trigger associations and feelings that influence consumer attitudes and behaviors.

  1. Call to Action (CTA):

A clear and compelling call to action is a crucial feature of persuasive advertising. It directs consumers on what to do next, whether it’s making a purchase, signing up for more information, or visiting a store. A strong CTA can significantly increase the likelihood of consumer action.

Advertising Persuasion Benefits:

  1. Enhanced Brand Awareness:

Persuasive advertising can increase brand visibility and recognition. By effectively communicating the brand’s message and values, advertisements can capture the attention of the target audience, making the brand more memorable and top-of-mind among consumers.

  1. Increased Consumer Engagement:

Persuasive ads are designed to not only attract attention but also encourage interaction. Through compelling calls-to-action, emotional appeals, or interactive elements, advertisements can foster greater consumer engagement with the brand across various platforms.

  1. Improved Brand Perception:

By strategically highlighting the benefits and unique selling propositions of their products or services, brands can positively influence how they are perceived by the audience. Persuasive advertising can help shape consumer perceptions, associating the brand with positive attributes and values.

  1. Stimulated Demand and Sales:

One of the primary goals of advertising persuasion is to drive sales. By effectively convincing consumers of the value and necessity of a product or service, advertisements can stimulate demand, encouraging purchase decisions and boosting revenue.

  1. Customer Loyalty and Retention:

Persuasive advertising that resonates with consumers on an emotional level can contribute to stronger brand loyalty. Satisfied customers are more likely to make repeat purchases and become brand advocates, sharing their positive experiences with others.

  1. Competitive Advantage:

In a crowded marketplace, the ability to persuasively communicate what sets a brand apart from its competitors is crucial. Persuasive advertising can highlight unique features, benefits, or value propositions, giving a brand a competitive edge.

  1. Informed Decision Making:

Beyond influencing behavior, persuasive advertising can play a role in educating consumers about products, services, and brands. By providing valuable information and addressing potential concerns, advertisements can empower consumers to make more informed purchasing decisions.

Advertising Persuasion Challenges:

  • Consumer Skepticism:

In an era of information overload, consumers have become increasingly skeptical of advertising messages. Overcoming this skepticism and building trust is a significant challenge, requiring advertisers to ensure authenticity, transparency, and relevance in their messaging.

  • Ad Avoidance:

With the proliferation of digital media, consumers have more ways than ever to avoid ads, whether through ad blockers, skipping video ads, or simply ignoring banner advertisements. Capturing and retaining consumer attention in such an environment is a constant challenge.

  • Cultural and Ethical Sensitivities:

Advertisements must navigate diverse cultural norms and ethical considerations to avoid offending or alienating segments of the target audience. Missteps can lead to backlash, damaging brand reputation and consumer trust.

  • Changing Consumer Behaviors:

Rapid shifts in consumer behavior, influenced by technological advancements, social trends, and economic factors, can render established advertising strategies ineffective. Advertisers must continuously adapt to these changes to stay relevant.

  • Message Saturation:

Consumers are bombarded with countless advertising messages daily, making it challenging for any single ad to stand out. Creating unique, memorable, and persuasive ads that cut through the noise is increasingly difficult.

  • Measuring Effectiveness:

Accurately measuring the effectiveness of persuasive advertising campaigns, especially in terms of long-term brand loyalty and consumer behavior change, can be complex. Advertisers must navigate a myriad of metrics and analytical tools to gauge success and justify marketing investments.

  • Digital Privacy Concerns:

Increasing concerns and regulations around digital privacy affect advertisers’ ability to collect and use consumer data for targeted advertising. Navigating these concerns while still creating personalized and persuasive ad content is a growing challenge.

  • Balancing Creativity and Persuasion:

Striking the right balance between creative expression and persuasive messaging is tricky. Overly creative ads may fail to communicate the intended message effectively, while overly direct ads may not engage the audience.

  • Costs:

Developing and distributing effective persuasive advertising campaigns, especially across multiple channels, can be costly. Small businesses or those with limited budgets may find it challenging to compete with larger companies’ advertising efforts.

Role of source in ads and celebrities as source in Indian ads

Celebrity branding or celebrity endorsement is a form of advertising campaign or marketing strategy used by brands, companies, or a non-profit organization which involves celebrities or a well-known person using their social status or their fame to help promote a product, service or even raise awareness on environmental or social matters. Marketers use celebrity endorsers in hopes that the positive images of the celebrity endorser of the brand will also be passed on to the products or the brand image associated with the celebrities. Celebrity endorsement is usually commonly used by fashion or beauty brands, but a non-profit organization relies on celebrities as well, as celebrities have mass communication skills which can attract people’s attention and is helpful in reaching a wider audience to raise their awareness towards a certain organization or an issue, thus making celebrities effective fundraisers.

Infomercials are an advertisement technique that is usually produced and paid for by a company seeking to promote its products and services. The effect of infomercials, once they reach the target market, has been quite successful and so persuasive in most countries. Today most celebrities are keen on endorsing a product for which they are paid a high amount of money. Firms put loads of money in partnering their brands with qualities such as attractiveness, amiability, and dependability.

But why endorse a product which one has not even used yet? For starters, customers derive a certain fulfillment for products endorsed by their favorite celebrities. Some would just prefer to buy a product or utilize a service endorsed by a celebrity. It is for these reasons that most companies today believe and trust that the endorsement of their products by a well-known celebrity will help sell their goods and services.

Celebrity endorsements are used by countless businesses of all shapes and sizes as a marketing strategy. While some critics state that they have little positive impact on business sales, others assert that by using them, the benefits that a company can enjoy are countless.

Here is a few reason why you should employ celebrity endorsement as a marketing strategy for your products or services.

It enhances the credibility of a business

Companies enjoy enhanced credibility by choosing and endorsing the right celebrities for their products. Celebrities have their specialized niche which ranges from music and film, fitness, fashion, sports, etc. Therefore, as a business, you ought to take advantage of this and hire a celebrity whose specialization is in line with the product or service you seek to endorse. For example, a fitness trainer or author will work well at endorsing a health and fitness product or service.

So note that customers will take your business and product more seriously if the right celebrity endorses your product.

It boasts a business brand awareness

Without a doubt, celebrities are good at networking, and they also enjoy easy access to a broad network. These are persons that love to take pictures which are often spread across magazines, blogs, social media, etc. This, therefore, means that using a well-known celebrity will significantly boost your brand in your target market and beyond.

In this regard, choosing a celebrity to endorse your products could be great as this will give your product the ultimate exposure across the market. For example, if you design and sell a waist trainer and a celebrity is seen training with one of these, fitness enthusiast will want to know more about the waist trainer and the brand. Before you know it, prospective customers will be calling, tweeting and messaging asking to learn more about the product and how they can get it. Ultimately, this relates to increased brand awareness as well increased sales.

Great promotional tool

Last but not least, celebrity endorsements tend to add significant value to a company’s PR as it quickly attracts the attention of paparazzi and the media in general. As a business, the greatest tactic you can use to promote your product is by getting a celebrity to talk about it. When a celebrity does this, your product will receive media hype and lots of attention from the general public. Without all these, your company runs the risk of staying in the shadows and losing out on hugely profitable sales.

Marketing implications of Celebrity Endorsement

A celebrity endorsement provides an alternative to creative ads. Where creative ads are more prone towards logic or humour, celebrity endorsements mainly focus on the strengths of the celebrity and more often, it mainly tends to make the celebrity speak directly to the public “I use this brand, do you” and in essence the celebrity is speaking to his loyalists “I am using this brand and so should you”.

However, the marketer also has to take care about the reputation of the endorser and should prefer to stay with a celebrity which has a stable image and not that the image of the celebrity changes every few weeks. Michael jordan, Sachin Tendulkar and Michael Schumacher are celebrities whose images are stable and are hard to change. Thus for leading organizations, they are one of the most preferable endorsers.

Celebrity reach

Celebrity branding or celebrity endorsement of a company’s product is effective largely because celebrities have the potential to reach a large number of prospective consumers.

Reach can be loosely defined as the number of people that have seen and/or heard the brand’s intended message at least once (Belch & Belch, 2012). If a brand or company decides to use celebrity branding to market their product, it is highly probable that they are deciding to attempt to reach the largest assortment of potential consumers possible, rather than reaching a small number of consumers but more frequently which is described as frequency (Belch & Belch, 2012).

An example of the usefulness of a celebrity’s reach can be shown in statistics taken from telegraph.co.uk regarding the world’s most followed Instagram celebrities. The most followed Instagram celebrity is Cristiano Ronaldo, with each post that he makes being viewed by all or most of his 192 million followers. Selena Gomez is 2nd, with 164 million followers, and Ariana Grande is 3rd with 116 million followers. A direct brand endorsement from one of these celebrities would be significant were they to post a picture with the company’s product encouraging their followers to go out and purchase it, and this is on Instagram alone. Imagine the effect of a celebrity posting an endorsement across all of their social media, (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, etc.). The reach that an A-list celebrity has possesses the ability to reach millions of potential consumers, and as a result can be an incredibly effective way to boost sales, or at the very least get a brand’s name out there in a wider audience than before.

Advantages

  • Celebrity endorsements can build brand equity. An example of this is Nike, prior to Michael Jordan Nike mostly sponsored tennis and track athletes and decided to expand their market, which increased sales to become a multibillion-dollar company.
  • Celebrity endorsement is used as an advertising strategy, by using celebrity status and image, to promote a brand’s recognition, recall, and differentiation.
  • It helps customers to remember advertisements when seeing a celebrity that has already got a brand of their own, it will bring customers to try or purchase the product.
  • It also helps the brand to stand out over a brand that does not use celebrity branding.
  • Increased attention to the product and the brand
  • Polishing the image of the brand
  • Introduction of the brand to new and wider market
  • Repositioning of the brand
  • Guarantee of successful advertising of the brand

Execution styles of presenting ads

Figuring out how to say something is often just as important as figuring out what to say in the first place. The “how” is known as the Creative Execution Style, and will vary greatly based on your message and your target audience. Think about which method is the most effective for the people you’re trying to reach. Below are eight different techniques to consider:

  1. Straight Sell

This is the simplest and most common type of execution. You tell your customer what the product is, what attributes are most appealing, and provide the facts to back it up. This style of no-nonsense advertising is straightforward, but may not be enough to make your product or service stand out.

  1. Scientific or Technical Evidence

It’s unfortunate that many people automatically assume your product is exaggerated or embellished in some way. To counteract this, you can use scientific studies to support your claims or endorsement from a scientific body. This works well with technical products or ones where the benefits aren’t immediately clear.

  1. Demonstration

Slap Chop KH 8408A Eight Ways to Sell a Message Through Advertising

Sometimes the best way to prove that your product is credible and high quality is to show it in action. Think of late-night infomercials like ShamWow or Slap Chop. These products became so successful because they demonstrated their effectiveness to their audience.

  1. Comparison

Moving one step further than demonstration is comparison. This is where you compare your product to your nearest competitor. You’ve seen the hundreds of ads about how one detergent or towel is so much better than the next leading competitor. The Pepsi ad above doesn’t actually mention Coke but they heavily imply it with the red and white soda can. Also note that the ad does not rely on using facts and figures to compare, but instead relies on simple imagery.

  1. Testimonial

Trevor Linden 01 Main Eight Ways to Sell a Message Through Advertising

One of the most tried and true styles of advertising is a testimonial. A testimonial is when someone talks about his or her positive experiences with your product and how it affected their life. The more trustworthy the source, the more effective the testimonial. As such, many celebrities are well-sought after for their considerable influence.

  1. Slice of Life

A slice-of-life style is one that dramatizes everyday life to show off how easy it would be to integrate your new product into their lives. This is usually done for food, beverage, and cleaning products. Slice-of-life ads are easy to do and don’t require a lot of money to film, but are one of the most overdone (and honestly, boring) styles. If you want to do something like this, you will need to find an interesting twist on it in order to get more attention.

  1. Personality Symbol

Eight Ways to Sell a Message Through Advertising

This involves creating a personality or mascot that’s intricately tied to your brand and resonates with your viewers. Think Ronald McDonald, the Pillsbury Doughboy, the Energizer Bunny, and so on.

Creating a personality symbol that sticks may not be as easy as it appears. A poorly thought out mascot will end up being annoying and quickly forgotten. Make sure you do plenty of testing with focus groups and surveys to find something that is appealing to your target audience.

  1. Dramatization

Similar to the slice-of-life example, but more focused on excitement and action. While dramatization is generally much more interesting to watch, there is a risk of viewers being so drawn in to the action that they’re missing out on the product being sold in the first place!

Which one should I use?

You don’t need to commit to any one of these techniques. Feel free to mix and match elements from different styles to match your campaign. You need to consider your product, your brand image, the channel, your audience, and what message you want to send to that audience.

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