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Bangalore University BBA Notes

Retail Management Bangalore University BBA 2nd Semester NEP Notes

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Unit 1 Overview of Retail Business {Book}
Retail Business Introduction, Meaning, Definition, Scope VIEW
Retail Evolution VIEW
Retailer Meaning Characteristics and Functions VIEW
Forms of Retail Business Ownership VIEW
Influencing factors of Retail Business in India VIEW
Principles of Retailing VIEW
Retail Theories VIEW
Ethical issues in Retailing VIEW
Retail Scenario in India VIEW VIEW
FDI in Indian organized retail Sector VIEW

 

Unit 2 Retail Organization and Functional Management {Book}
Business Models in Retailing VIEW
Classification of Retailing Formats VIEW
Operational Stages in Retailing VIEW VIEW VIEW
Factors influencing Location of stores VIEW
Stores Designing VIEW
Space planning VIEW
Inventory Management VIEW
Merchandising Management VIEW VIEW
Selection and optimization of Workforce+ VIEW
Retail Accounting VIEW
Retail Cash Management VIEW

 

Unit 3 Retail Marketing Mix and Strategies {Book}
Retail Product VIEW VIEW
Product Assortment and Display VIEW
New Product Launch VIEW
Product Life cycle in Retailing VIEW
Retail Pricing strategies VIEW
Retail Distribution: In store and online store VIEW VIEW
Factors influencing Location of stores VIEW
Retail Promotion Programme VIEW VIEW VIEW
Promotional Budget VIEW VIEW VIEW
Understanding Customer VIEW
Consumer shopping Behaviour VIEW VIEW
Customer Service VIEW VIEW
Customer Satisfaction VIEW
Customer Relationship Management VIEW VIEW

 

Unit 4 Recent Trends and Career opportunities {Book}
E-Tailing, Critical Analysis of E-tailing Strategies VIEW
Omni Channel Marketing VIEW
Shopping Campaigns VIEW VIEW
Social Media Promotions VIEW
Email Campaign VIEW VIEW
Guerrilla Marketing VIEW
Retail Information system VIEW
Database Management VIEW
Career opportunities and Top Recruiters VIEW
Bangalore University BBA Notes

Business Environment Bangalore University BBA 2nd Semester NEP Notes

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Unit 1 Business Environment {Book}
Meaning, Definitions and Nature of Business environment VIEW
Elements of Business environment VIEW
Impact of Macro environmental factors on Business Decision making VIEW
Meaning and Need of environmental analysis VIEW
Meaning and features of Competitive structure analysis VIEW
Levels of Competition VIEW VIEW
VIEW VIEW
A Brief discussion of the five Competitive analysis frameworks:
SWOT Analysis VIEW
Porter’s Five forces VIEW
Strategic group analysis VIEW VIEW
Growth Share matrix VIEW VIEW
Perceptual Mapping VIEW

 

Unit 2 Government and Legal Environment in INDIA {Book}
Role of Central and State Governments in business VIEW
VIEW
Causes for State intervention in business; Benefits and limitations VIEW
Role of legal environment in business VIEW
Need and objectives of Environmental Protection Act 1986 VIEW VIEW
Need and Objectives Consumer Protection Act 2019 VIEW VIEW
Rights of Consumers under Consumer Protection Act, 2019 VIEW
Need and Objectives of National Competition Policy in India VIEW VIEW
Meaning of Intellectual Property Right VIEW VIEW
Types of Intellectual Properties VIEW

 

Unit 3 Economic and Political Environment {Book}
Meaning and Significance of Economic environment VIEW
Economic policies of India: VIEW
Meaning and impact of Monetary Policy VIEW VIEW
Meaning and impact of Fiscal Policy VIEW VIEW
Meaning and impact of Exim Policy VIEW VIEW
New Industrial Policy business in India VIEW
Recent economic reforms VIEW
Meaning and Types of Political environment VIEW
Impact of Political environment on business in India VIEW

 

Unit 4 Technological Environment and Natural Environment {Book}
Meaning and Significance of Technological environment VIEW
Impact of Technological Environment on business VIEW
Impact of Changes in Technology on business VIEW
Technology and Society VIEW
Modes of Acquiring Technology VIEW
IT revolution and its impact on Business VIEW
Digital Transformation in Indian Business VIEW
Meaning and Principles of Technology Transfer VIEW
Meaning and Nature of the Physical Environment VIEW
Impact of the Natural environment on Business VIEW

 

Unit 5 Global Environment [Book]
Meaning and Dimensions of the Global environment VIEW VIEW
Stages of globalization VIEW
Essential conditions of globalization VIEW
Foreign market entry strategies VIEW
Merits and Demerits of Globalization of business VIEW
Impact of globalization on Indian businesses VIEW
Different forms of globalization of businesses VIEW
MNCs VIEW
TNCs VIEW
Bangalore University BBA Notes

Human Resource Management Bangalore University BBA 2nd Semester NEP Notes

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Unit 1 Introduction to Human Resource Management
Meaning and Definition of HRM: Features, Objectives, Functions VIEW
Functions of Human Resource Management VIEW
Importance of Human Resource Management VIEW
Challenges of HRM VIEW
Role and Responsibilities of HR Manager VIEW
Recent trends in HR VIEW
Meaning and Role of HR Analytics VIEW
Unit 2 Manpower Planning
Meaning and Importance of Manpower Planning VIEW
**Human Resource Planning Meaning, Importance, Benefits VIEW
**Human Resource Planning Scope VIEW
Meaning and Need of Succession planning VIEW
Meaning, Need and features of Job Analysis VIEW VIEW
Meaning, Need and features Job Description VIEW
Meaning, Need and features Job Specification VIEW
Meaning, Need and features Job Enlargement VIEW
Meaning, Need and features Job Rotation VIEW
Meaning, Need and features Job enrichment VIEW
Meaning, importance of Recruitment VIEW VIEW
Sources of Recruitment VIEW
Meaning and benefits of E-recruitment VIEW
Meaning of Recruitment Matrix VIEW
Meaning and Definitions of Selection and Selection Process VIEW VIEW
Steps of Selection Process VIEW
Essentials of Effective Selection VIEW
Hurdles to Effective Selection VIEW
Meaning and Features of Placement VIEW VIEW
Meaning and Features of Gamification VIEW
Unit 3 Induction, Training and Compensation
Meaning, Need, Features and Process of Induction VIEW
Problems faced during induction, Essentials of successful induction VIEW
Meaning of induction manual and checklist VIEW
Meaning, Need, Features, Objectives and Significance of training VIEW
Differences between Training and Induction VIEW
Steps in training VIEW
Methods of Training VIEW VIEW
A brief discussion of Kirkpatrick Model VIEW
Meaning and Significance of Career Development VIEW VIEW
Meaning, Need of Compensation VIEW VIEW
Types of Compensation VIEW
Differences between Compensation and Remuneration VIEW
Meaning and components of CTC VIEW
Motivation Meaning, Importance of Motivation VIEW
Theories of Motivation:
Theory Z of Motivation VIEW
Maslow VIEW
Herzberg VIEW
McGregor VIEW
Equity Theory of Motivation VIEW
Process Theories VIEW
Vroom’s Expectancy Theory VIEW
Unit 4 Performance Appraisal
Meaning, Definitions, Objectives, Benefits and Limitations of Performance Appraisal VIEW
Methods of Performance Appraisal VIEW
Meaning, Definitions of Promotion VIEW
Purposes and Basis of Promotion VIEW
Meaning of Open Promotion, Closed Promotion and Dry Promotion Systems VIEW
Meaning and need for Transfer VIEW
Differences between Promotion and Transfer VIEW
Reasons for Transfer, Types of Transfer VIEW
Meaning and need of Rightsizing of the workforce VIEW
Meaning and need of Downsizing of the workforce VIEW
Meaning and Definitions of Attrition, Reasons for attrition, Types of attrition VIEW
Measures to overcome High rate of Attrition VIEW
Unit 5 Employee Engagement
Meaning and Types of Employee Engagement VIEW
Drivers of Employee Engagement VIEW
**Factor influencing Employee Engagement VIEW
Benefits and Challenges of Employee Engagement VIEW
Models of Employee Engagement VIEW
A Brief Discussion of Deloitte Model and Zinger Model VIEW
Bangalore University BBA Notes

Financial Accounting and Reporting Bangalore University BBA 2nd Semester NEP Notes

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Unit 1 Accounting for Departmental Undertakings {Book}
Meaning and Features of Departmental Undertaking VIEW
Examples of Department Specific Expenses and Common Expenses VIEW
Need and Basis of Apportionment of Common Expenses VIEW
Preparation of Trading Account in Columnar Form VIEW
Profit and Loss Account in Columnar Form VIEW
General Profit and Loss Account VIEW
Simple problems involving adjustment on Closing Stock VIEW
Depreciation VIEW
Inter Departmental Transfers at Cost Price VIEW

 

Unit 2 Branch Accounting {Book}
Meaning, Objectives, Types of Branches, Meaning and features of Branches VIEW
VIEW VIEW
Dependent Branches VIEW
Independent Branches, Foreign Branches VIEW
Methods of maintaining books of accounts by Head office VIEW
Debtor System, Stock & Debtors System VIEW
Wholesale Branch System and Final Account system VIEW
Problems on preparation of Dependent Branch A/c in the books of Head Office under Debtors System only VIEW
When the goods are supplied at Cost Price VIEW
When the goods are supplied at Invoice Price VIEW

 

Unit 3 Hire Purchase Accounting {Book}
Hire Purchase Meaning and Features of Hire Purchase and Installment Purchase System VIEW
Differences between Hire Purchase and Installment Purchase System VIEW
Important Definitions:
Hire Purchase Agreement, Hire Purchase Price, Cash Price, Hire Purchase Charges, Down Payment VIEW
Problems on calculation of interest and segregation of each installment amount into interest component and principal component VIEW
Problems on ascertainment of Cash Price under Reverse Calculation Method VIEW
Methods of maintaining books of accounts by Hire Purchaser VIEW
Problems on passing of Journal Entries VIEW VIEW
Preparation of Ledger Accounts in the books of Hire Purchaser under Asset Accrual Method only VIEW
VIEW

 

Unit 4 Insurance Claims for Loss of Stock and Profit {Book}
Meaning, Features and Principles of Fire Insurance VIEW
Meaning of Fire Claim VIEW
Procedure for making a Fire Insurance Claim VIEW
Concept of Loss of Stock VIEW
Salvage VIEW
Loss of Profit VIEW
Average Clause VIEW
Problems on ascertainment of claim amount covering the adjustments for overvaluation and under-valuation of stock and abnormal line of items VIEW

 

Unit 5 Introduction to IFRS {Book}
Meaning and Need for Accounting Standards VIEW
VIEW VIEW
Meaning, Features, Importance and Applicability of IFRS VIEW VIEW
List of IND-AS and List of IFRS VIEW
Bangalore University B.com Notes

Fundamentals of Investments in Capital Market Bangalore University B.com 2nd Semester NEP Notes

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Unit 1 An overview of capital market {Book}
Financial System Meaning, Definitions VIEW
Features and Functions of Financial System VIEW
Classification of Financial System VIEW VIEW
Basic functions of Capital Market VIEW
Basic functions of Money Market VIEW
Differences between Capital Market and Money Market VIEW
Classification of Capital Market VIEW
Kinds of Financial Instruments in the Industrial Securities Market VIEW

 

Unit 2 Primary and Secondary Market {Book}
Meaning and Role of Primary Market VIEW
Methods of floating New Issue:
IPO VIEW VIEW
FPO VIEW
Bonus Issue VIEW
Right Issue VIEW VIEW
Private Placement VIEW
Intermediaries (Players) in the New Issue Market VIEW
Benefits and Limitations of Primary Market VIEW
Secondary Market Meaning and Role of Secondary Market VIEW
Structure & Functions of Secondary Market VIEW
Benefits and Limitations of Secondary Market VIEW
Differences between Primary Market and Secondary Market VIEW
Stock Exchange Meaning and Role of Stock Exchange, Functions VIEW
Benefits and Limitations of Stock Exchange VIEW
Trading and Settlement System in Stock Exchanges VIEW
DEMAT A/C, Procedure for Opening and operating DEMAT A/C VIEW
Online Trading (Investment) Procedure in Stock Exchanges VIEW
Stock Brokers Types and Functions VIEW
Objectives of NSE, BSE & OTCEI VIEW

 

Unit 3 Investment Avenues {Book}
Meaning and Objectives of Investment VIEW VIEW
Meaning and Types of Investment Avenues VIEW
Bank Fixed Deposits in Banks VIEW
Fixed Deposits in Companies VIEW
Post Office Monthly Income and Other Schemes VIEW VIEW
Public Provident Fund, NPS VIEW
Equity Shares VIEW
Preference Shares VIEW
Mutual Funds VIEW
Debentures VIEW VIEW
Systematic Investment Plans (SIPs) VIEW
Gold ETF, RBI Bonds VIEW
Unit Linked Insurance Plan (ULIP) VIEW

 

Unit 4 Securities and Exchange Board of India SEBI {Book}
Constitution and Objectives of SEBI VIEW
Powers and Functions of SEBI VIEW VIEW
SEBI Committees VIEW VIEW
SEBI Departments VIEW
SEBI Guidelines for Primary and Secondary Markets VIEW VIEW
Role of SEBI in the protection of investor interests VIEW
Bangalore University B.com Notes

E-Business Bangalore University B.Com 2nd Semester NEP Notes

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Unit 1 Introduction to e-Business and e–Commerce {Book}
Meaning, Features and Benefits of E-Commerce VIEW
E-Commerce VS Traditional Commerce VIEW
Media Convergence VIEW
Business Applications & Need for E-Commerce VIEW
Meaning, Nature and Benefits of E-Business VIEW
Business Application of E-Commerce VIEW
Business-to-Consumer (B2C) VIEW
Business-to-Business (B2B) VIEW
Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) VIEW
Consumer-to-Business (C2B) VIEW
Differences between E-Commerce and E-Business VIEW
Unit 2 e-Payment Systems {Book}
Meaning and Features of e–Payment System VIEW
E-Payment System VS Traditional Payment System VIEW
Types of E-Payment Systems VIEW
Electronic Clearing Services VIEW
Credit and Debit Card Payments VIEW
Contactless Cards, Rupay Card VIEW
UPI VIEW
RTGS VIEW
NEFT VIEW
IMPS VIEW
AePS VIEW
E-Money VIEW
Benefits and Limitations of e–Payment System VIEW
Unit 3 Securities in e–Commerce {Book}
Meaning, Definitions, Dimensions and Scope of e–Security VIEW
E-Commerce Security Environment VIEW VIEW
Threats in Computer Systems: Virus, Hacking VIEW
Sniffing, Cyber–Vandalism VIEW
Unit 4 e-Start ups {Book}
Meaning, Definition and Nature of e–Startups VIEW VIEW
Challenges and Steps of Launching Online Business VIEW VIEW
Benefits and Limitations of Online Business VIEW
Meaning and benefits of E-Procurement, Components, Drivers, Types VIEW
Implementation of e-procurement system VIEW
Reasons behind the success of e-commerce companies VIEW
Case studies of Walmart, Amazon, IKEA, Starbucks, PhonePe, Flipkart, Big Basket, Justdial, OLX and OYO.
Bangalore University B.com Notes

Banking Innovations Bangalore University B.com 2nd Semester NEP Notes

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Unit 1 Banking System in India {Book}
Meaning, Definitions and Features of a Bank VIEW
Meaning, Definitions and Features of Banking VIEW
Features of Indian Banking System VIEW
Reserve Bank of India Role and Functions VIEW
Commercial Banks Meaning & Nature VIEW VIEW
Commercial Banks Functions VIEW
Special types of banks: Women Bank, Payments Bank, Savings Bank, Microfinance Banks VIEW
Regional Rural Banks VIEW
Foreign Banks VIEW
Industrial Development Banks VIEW VIEW
Cooperative Banks VIEW
Agricultural Development Banks VIEW
Public Sector and Private Sector Banks VIEW
Banking Sector Reforms VIEW
Narasimham Committee Report – I and II VIEW VIEW
Basel Norms I, II and III VIEW
CIBIL Meaning, Objectives, Features and Benefits VIEW

 

Unit 2 Banker and Customer Relationship {Book}
Meaning of Banker and Customer VIEW
Importance of Banker-Customer Relationship VIEW VIEW
Types of Bankers VIEW
Customer Relationship: Special and General Relationship: VIEW
Debtor and Creditor VIEW
Pledger and Pledgee VIEW
Licensor and Licensee, Trustee and Beneficiary, Agent and Principal, Advisor and Client, Bailor and Bailee VIEW
Termination of Relationship VIEW
Statutory Protection available to a Banker VIEW VIEW
Meaning Duties and Responsibilities of Collecting Banker VIEW VIEW
Meaning Duties and Responsibilities of Paying Banker VIEW
Meaning Duties and Responsibilities of Lending Banker VIEW
Banking Ombudsman Meaning, Features and Benefits VIEW

 

Unit 3 Banking Products {Book} VIEW
Bank Accounts:
Savings Bank Account, Current Account VIEW
Recurring Deposits Account VIEW
Fixed Deposits Account VIEW
Non Resident Indians Accounts, Pigmy Deposit Accounts, Other Special Accounts VIEW
Procedures and Documents involved in opening bank accounts VIEW VIEW
Bank Advances VIEW
Principles of Bank Lending VIEW
Kinds of Loans:
Short-term Loans VIEW
Cash Credit VIEW
Overdraft VIEW
Pledge, Hypothecation VIEW
Discounting and Purchase of Bills of Exchange VIEW
Purchase of Bills of Exchange VIEW
Letters of Credit VIEW
Retail Banking Services: Home loans, Auto Loans, Personal loans VIEW
Retail Banking Services: Safe Lockers, Jewel Loans, Consumer Durable Loans, Education Loans VIEW
Auxiliary Services: Investment Services, Insurance services VIEW
Currency Exchange VIEW VIEW
Household payment services VIEW
Negotiable Instruments: Meaning, Definitions, Features VIEW VIEW
VIEW
Types of Negotiable Instruments VIEW
Parties to Negotiable Instruments VIEW
Crossing of Cheques VIEW VIEW
Endorsements of Cheques VIEW VIEW
Payments and Collection of Cheques VIEW
Dishonor of Cheques VIEW VIEW VIEW
Cheques Truncation System VIEW

 

Unit 4 Innovations in Banking {Book}
Meaning and Need of Banking Innovations VIEW
Core banking VIEW
E-Banking VIEW
Telebanking VIEW
Internet Banking VIEW
Mobile Banking VIEW
NEFT VIEW
RTGS VIEW
UPI VIEW
IMPS VIEW
ATM, ATM Card VIEW
Debit Card, Credit Card VIEW VIEW VIEW
Truncated Cheques VIEW
MICR Cheques VIEW
CryptoCurrency VIEW
Central Bank VIEW
Digital Currency VIEW VIEW
SWIFT VIEW

 

Unit 5 Technologies used in Banking {Book}
Types of Technology used in Banking VIEW VIEW
Augmented Reality VIEW
Block Chain VIEW
Robotic Process Automation VIEW
Quantum Computing VIEW
Artificial Intelligence VIEW
API Platforms VIEW
Prescriptive security Meaning, Features and Benefits VIEW
Bangalore University B.com Notes

Business Ethics Bangalore University B.com 2nd Semester NEP Notes

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Unit 1 Nature and Essence of Business Ethics {Book}
Meaning of Ethics, Scope & Importance of Ethics VIEW
Types of Ethics VIEW
Business Ethics Introduction, Meaning, Importance VIEW VIEW
Characteristics of Business Ethics VIEW
Factors Influencing Business Ethics VIEW
Principles & Scope of Business Ethics VIEW
Approaches to the study of Business Ethics VIEW
Arguments for and against Business Ethics VIEW
Unit 2 Personal & Professional Ethics {Book}
Personal Ethics Meaning VIEW
Principles of Personal Ethics, Importance VIEW
Emotional Honesty VIEW
Virtue of Humility VIEW
Karma Yoga concept VIEW
Professional Ethics Concept VIEW
Emergence of Professional Ethics VIEW
Need for Professional Ethics VIEW
Ethical Dilemmas in Profession: Healthcare, Education, Corporate, Social work VIEW
Reasons for the crisis of Professional Ethics (Nepotism, favoritism etc.) VIEW
Moral Entrepreneur VIEW
Unit 3 Business Ethics in Marketing & Finance {Book}
Meaning of Marketing, Need of Ethics in Marketing VIEW
Ethical dilemmas in Marketing VIEW
Unethical practices in Marketing VIEW
Ethical issues in Advertising, Promotions and Distribution VIEW
Common deceptive marketing practices VIEW
Role of Consumerism VIEW
Meaning of Finance, Ethics in Finance, Need of Ethics in Finance VIEW
Scope & Code of Ethics in Finance VIEW
Unethical practices in Finance VIEW
Creative Accounting Definition, Importance and Methods VIEW
Earnings Management & Accounting Fraud VIEW
Hostile takeovers in India VIEW
Case study: Kingfisher Airlines Scam, Satyam Scam. VIEW
Unit 4 {Book}
HRM Meaning, Definition, Need VIEW VIEW
HRM Types VIEW
Areas of HRM ethics VIEW
Ethical issues in HR, Unethical practices of HRM VIEW
Meaning & Importance of Workplace Ethics VIEW
Role of Management in inculcating workplace ethics VIEW
Factors shaping ethical behavior at work VIEW
Importance of Employee Code of Conduct VIEW
Ethical Leadership VIEW
IT – Ethical issues relating to Computer Applications VIEW
Information Security VIEW VIEW
Security Policies & Procedures, Information Protection VIEW VIEW
Ethical codes in Information Technology VIEW VIEW
Reducing threat to Information Systems VIEW
Objectives and Features of Cyber Laws in India VIEW VIEW
Objectives and Features of The Information Technology Act 2000 VIEW
Computer Crime VIEW VIEW
Computer Viruses Meaning, Types & Prevention VIEW
Ecological Ethics VIEW
Environment Protection and pollution control by businesses VIEW
VIEW VIEW
Unit 5 Corporate Governance & Corporate Social Responsibility {Book}
Corporate Culture Meaning, Characteristics, Importance VIEW
Positive and Negative impact of corporate culture in business VIEW
Role of CEOs in shaping Business culture VIEW VIEW
Corporate Governance Meaning, Scope, Principles, Benefits VIEW
Corporate Governance Characteristics VIEW
Corporate Governance Limitations VIEW
Corporate Governance Norms VIEW
Changes in Corporate Governance issues as per Companies Act 2013 VIEW
Various Committees on Corporate Governance VIEW
Board of Directors VIEW
Board of Directors Appointment & Duties VIEW VIEW
Cadbury Committee VIEW
Narasimhan Committee VIEW
Narayana Murthy Committee VIEW
Structure of Corporate Governance VIEW
CSR: Concept, Scope, Types, Various models VIEW
CSR Principles VIEW
CSR Strategies VIEW
Importance of CSR in contemporary society VIEW
Bangalore University B.com Notes

Advanced Financial Accounting Bangalore University B.com 2nd Semester NEP Notes

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Unit 1 Insurance Claims for Loss of Stock and Loss of Profit
Meaning of fire claim, Features and Principles of Fire Insurance VIEW
Concept of Loss of Stock: Loss of Profit and Average Clause VIEW
Computation of Claim for loss of stock (including Over valuation and Under Valuation of Stock VIEW
Abnormal Items VIEW
Application of Average Clause VIEW
Unit 2 Departmental Accounts
Departmental Accounts Meaning, Advantages, Disadvantages VIEW
Method of Departmental accounting VIEW
Basis of allocation of common expenditure among various departments. VIEW
Types of departments & Inter-department transfers at cost price and invoice price (Theory and proforma journal entries) VIEW
Preparation Departmental Trading and Profit and Loss Account including inter departmental transfers at Cost Price only. VIEW
VIEW
Unit 3 Conversion of Single Entry into Double Entry
Meaning, Features Types of Single Entry System VIEW
Merits, Demerits of Single Entry System VIEW
Differences between Single Entry System and Double Entry System VIEW
Need and Methods of conversion of Single Entry into Double entry VIEW
Problems on Conversion of Single Entry into Double Entry (Simple Problems only)
Unit 4 Royalty Accounts
Royalty and Royalty agreement, Introduction, Meaning, Definition, Types of Royalty VIEW
Differences between Rent and Royalty VIEW
Terms used in Royalty, Lessor, Lessee, Short Workings, Irrecoverable Short Workings, Recoupment of Short Workings, Surplus Royalty VIEW
Methods of Recoupment of Short Workings: Fixed and Floating methods VIEW
Preparation of Royalty Analysis Table (Excluding Government Subsidy) VIEW
Journal Entries and Ledger Accounts in the books of Lessee only:

i) When Minimum Rent Account is opened

ii) When Minimum Rent Account is not opened.

Note: Problems including Strikes and Lockouts, but excluding sub-lease.

 VIEW
VIEW
Unit 5 Average Due Date and Account Current
Average Due Date: Meaning, Concept, Uses VIEW
Calculation of Average Due Date:

i) Where amount is lent in one installment

ii) Where amount is lent in various installments

iii) Taking Grace Days into account

iv) Calculation of Due Date few months after date / Sight

 VIEW
Account Current Meaning, Need and Situation leading to Account Current Preparation VIEW
Account Current with the help of:

i) Interest table.

ii) By Means of Product.

 VIEW
Management Notes

Modern Marketing Concept

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The Modern Marketing concept revolves around understanding and satisfying the needs and wants of customers while achieving business objectives sustainably and ethically. Unlike traditional approaches that emphasized product features or aggressive selling, the modern marketing concept is customer-focused and incorporates strategic planning, data-driven decision-making, and relationship-building. It adapts to dynamic market conditions, technological advancements, and societal expectations.

1. Customer Orientation

The modern marketing concept places customers at the center of all business activities. It emphasizes identifying and fulfilling customer needs and preferences rather than merely selling products. Businesses conduct extensive market research to understand their target audience, segment the market effectively, and tailor products or services to meet specific demands.

2. Integrated Marketing

Marketing is no longer confined to a single department but involves collaboration across the organization. Every function, from product development to customer support, works cohesively to deliver consistent value. Integrated marketing ensures alignment between advertising, promotions, pricing, and distribution channels to provide a seamless customer experience.

3. Value Creation

Value creation is a fundamental aspect of modern marketing. It involves offering products, services, or experiences that not only solve problems but also exceed customer expectations. This value goes beyond functionality and includes emotional and psychological satisfaction, fostering brand loyalty and trust.

4. Relationship Building

Modern marketing prioritizes long-term relationships over short-term sales. Building strong connections with customers, suppliers, and stakeholders creates a loyal customer base and positive word-of-mouth. Strategies like customer relationship management (CRM) and personalized marketing help maintain these relationships.

5. Societal and Ethical Responsibility

The modern marketing concept recognizes the importance of contributing to societal well-being. It promotes sustainable practices, corporate social responsibility (CSR), and ethical marketing. Companies are expected to address environmental concerns, promote diversity, and consider the social impact of their actions.

6. Data-Driven Decisions

Technology and data analytics play a crucial role in modern marketing. Businesses gather and analyze data on customer behavior, preferences, and market trends to make informed decisions. Tools like artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and predictive analytics enhance targeting, personalization, and campaign effectiveness.

7. Digital and Omni-Channel Presence

The rise of digital platforms has transformed marketing strategies. Modern marketing emphasizes a strong online presence through websites, social media, email marketing, and e-commerce platforms. An omni-channel approach ensures customers have a consistent experience across all touchpoints, whether online or offline.

8. Profitability and Growth

While customer satisfaction is central, businesses also aim to achieve profitability and sustainable growth. Modern marketing aligns its strategies with organizational goals, ensuring that customer-centric approaches also drive revenue and enhance market share.

9. Adaptability to Change

Modern marketing acknowledges the dynamic nature of markets influenced by technology, competition, and consumer behavior. Businesses must remain flexible and innovative to adapt to these changes and stay competitive.

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