Category: Bangalore University B.com Notes

Bangalore University B.com Notes

Income Tax – I BU B.com Old Syllabus Notes

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Unit 1 Introduction to Income Tax [Book]  
Brief history of Indian Income Tax VIEW
Legal Framework:  
Types of taxes VIEW
Cannons of taxation VIEW
Definitions:  
Assessment, Assessment year, Income, Agricultural income, Assesses, Person, Casual income VIEW
Previous year including exception VIEW
Gross total income, Total income VIEW
Scheme of taxation VIEW
Meaning and Classification of Capital and Revenue VIEW
Income tax authorities: Powers & functions of CBDT, CIT & A.O VIEW

 

Unit 2 Exempted incomes[Book]  
Introduction, exempted incomes U/S 10. Only in the hands of individuals VIEW

 

Unit 3 Residential Status [Book]  
Residential status of an Individual’s, Determination of Residential status VIEW
Incidence of tax-problems on computation of Gross total Income VIEW

 

Unit 4 Income from Salary [Book]  
Meaning, definitions, Basis of charge, Advance salary, Arrears of salary, encashment of earned leave VIEW
All allowances VIEW
Perquisites VIEW
Profits in lieu of salary VIEW
Provident fund VIEW
Gratuity VIEW VIEW
Commutation of pension VIEW
Deductions from salary U/S 16 VIEW
Problems on computation of salary income VIEW

 

Unit 5 Income from House property [Book]  
Income from House property VIEW
Basis of charge VIEW
Deemed owners, Composite rent VIEW
Exempted income from house property VIEW
Annual value VIEW
Determination of Annual value, treatment of unrealized rent, loss due to vacancy, deductions from Annual value U/S 24 VIEW
Problems on computation of income from house property VIEW
Bangalore University B.com Notes

Costing Methods BU B.com Old Syllabus Notes

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Unit 1 Costing methods [Book]

  
Costing methods Meaning VIEW
Costing methods Importance VIEW
Costing methods Categories:  
Job Costing VIEW VIEW
Process or Operation costing VIEW VIEW

Unit 2 Job and Batch Costing [Book]  
Job Costing: Meaning, prerequisites, Job costing procedures, Features, Objectives, Applications, Advantages and Disadvantages of Job costing VIEW
Batch Costing Meaning, Advantages, Disadvantages VIEW
Determination of economic Batch Quantity VIEW
Comparison between Job and Batch Costing VIEW

Unit 3 Process costing [Book]  
Introduction, Meaning and Definition, Features of Process Costing VIEW
Comparison between Job costing and Process Costing VIEW
Applications, Advantages and Disadvantages of Process Costing VIEW
Treatment of normal loss, Abnormal loss and Abnormal gain VIEW
Rejects and Rectification – Joint and by-products costing problems under reverse cost method VIEW

Unit 4 Contract Costing [Book]  
Meaning, Features, Applications of Contract costing VIEW
Similarities and Dissimilarities between Job and Contract costing VIEW
Procedure of Contract costing VIEW
Profit on incomplete contracts VIEW

Unit 5 Operating Costing [Book]  
Introduction, Meaning and Application of Operating Costing VIEW
Power house costing or Boiler house costing VIEW
Canteen or Hotel costing VIEW
Hospital costing and Transport Costing, Problems VIEW
Bangalore University B.com Notes / Bangalore University BBA Notes

Digital Fluency Bangalore University NEP Notes

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Unit 1 Overview of Emerging Technologies [Book]
Artificial Intelligence VIEW
Machine Learning VIEW
Deep Learning VIEW
Database Management for Data Science VIEW VIEW
Big Data Analytics VIEW VIEW
Internet of Things (IoT) VIEW VIEW
Industrial Internet of Things (IoT) VIEW
Cloud computing and its Service Models VIEW VIEW
Cyber Security VIEW
Types of Cyber attacks VIEW
Unit 2 Applications of Emerging Technologies [Book]
Artificial Intelligence VIEW VIEW VIEW
Big Data Analytics VIEW VIEW
Internet of Things (IoT) VIEW
Cloud computing VIEW
Cyber Security VIEW VIEW
Unit 3 [Book]
Effective Communications Skills VIEW VIEW VIEW
Creative Problem Solving VIEW VIEW
Critical Thinking VIEW VIEW
Collaboration VIEW VIEW
Teamwork Skills VIEW VIEW
Innovation Thinking VIEW VIEW
Design Thinking VIEW VIEW
Use of tools in enhancing Skills VIEW VIEW
Bangalore University B.com Notes

Fundamentals of Investments in Capital Market Bangalore University B.com 2nd Semester NEP Notes

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Unit 1 An overview of capital market {Book}
Financial System Meaning, Definitions VIEW
Features and Functions of Financial System VIEW
Classification of Financial System VIEW VIEW
Basic functions of Capital Market VIEW
Basic functions of Money Market VIEW
Differences between Capital Market and Money Market VIEW
Classification of Capital Market VIEW
Kinds of Financial Instruments in the Industrial Securities Market VIEW

 

Unit 2 Primary and Secondary Market {Book}
Meaning and Role of Primary Market VIEW
Methods of floating New Issue:
IPO VIEW VIEW
FPO VIEW
Bonus Issue VIEW
Right Issue VIEW VIEW
Private Placement VIEW
Intermediaries (Players) in the New Issue Market VIEW
Benefits and Limitations of Primary Market VIEW
Secondary Market Meaning and Role of Secondary Market VIEW
Structure & Functions of Secondary Market VIEW
Benefits and Limitations of Secondary Market VIEW
Differences between Primary Market and Secondary Market VIEW
Stock Exchange Meaning and Role of Stock Exchange, Functions VIEW
Benefits and Limitations of Stock Exchange VIEW
Trading and Settlement System in Stock Exchanges VIEW
DEMAT A/C, Procedure for Opening and operating DEMAT A/C VIEW
Online Trading (Investment) Procedure in Stock Exchanges VIEW
Stock Brokers Types and Functions VIEW
Objectives of NSE, BSE & OTCEI VIEW

 

Unit 3 Investment Avenues {Book}
Meaning and Objectives of Investment VIEW VIEW
Meaning and Types of Investment Avenues VIEW
Bank Fixed Deposits in Banks VIEW
Fixed Deposits in Companies VIEW
Post Office Monthly Income and Other Schemes VIEW VIEW
Public Provident Fund, NPS VIEW
Equity Shares VIEW
Preference Shares VIEW
Mutual Funds VIEW
Debentures VIEW VIEW
Systematic Investment Plans (SIPs) VIEW
Gold ETF, RBI Bonds VIEW
Unit Linked Insurance Plan (ULIP) VIEW

 

Unit 4 Securities and Exchange Board of India SEBI {Book}
Constitution and Objectives of SEBI VIEW
Powers and Functions of SEBI VIEW VIEW
SEBI Committees VIEW VIEW
SEBI Departments VIEW
SEBI Guidelines for Primary and Secondary Markets VIEW VIEW
Role of SEBI in the protection of investor interests VIEW
Bangalore University B.com Notes

E-Business Bangalore University B.Com 2nd Semester NEP Notes

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Unit 1 Introduction to e-Business and e–Commerce {Book}
Meaning, Features and Benefits of E-Commerce VIEW
E-Commerce VS Traditional Commerce VIEW
Media Convergence VIEW
Business Applications & Need for E-Commerce VIEW
Meaning, Nature and Benefits of E-Business VIEW
Business Application of E-Commerce VIEW
Business-to-Consumer (B2C) VIEW
Business-to-Business (B2B) VIEW
Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) VIEW
Consumer-to-Business (C2B) VIEW
Differences between E-Commerce and E-Business VIEW
Unit 2 e-Payment Systems {Book}
Meaning and Features of e–Payment System VIEW
E-Payment System VS Traditional Payment System VIEW
Types of E-Payment Systems VIEW
Electronic Clearing Services VIEW
Credit and Debit Card Payments VIEW
Contactless Cards, Rupay Card VIEW
UPI VIEW
RTGS VIEW
NEFT VIEW
IMPS VIEW
AePS VIEW
E-Money VIEW
Benefits and Limitations of e–Payment System VIEW
Unit 3 Securities in e–Commerce {Book}
Meaning, Definitions, Dimensions and Scope of e–Security VIEW
E-Commerce Security Environment VIEW VIEW
Threats in Computer Systems: Virus, Hacking VIEW
Sniffing, Cyber–Vandalism VIEW
Unit 4 e-Start ups {Book}
Meaning, Definition and Nature of e–Startups VIEW VIEW
Challenges and Steps of Launching Online Business VIEW VIEW
Benefits and Limitations of Online Business VIEW
Meaning and benefits of E-Procurement, Components, Drivers, Types VIEW
Implementation of e-procurement system VIEW
Reasons behind the success of e-commerce companies VIEW
Case studies of Walmart, Amazon, IKEA, Starbucks, PhonePe, Flipkart, Big Basket, Justdial, OLX and OYO.
Bangalore University B.com Notes

Banking Innovations Bangalore University B.com 2nd Semester NEP Notes

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Unit 1 Banking System in India {Book}
Meaning, Definitions and Features of a Bank VIEW
Meaning, Definitions and Features of Banking VIEW
Features of Indian Banking System VIEW
Reserve Bank of India Role and Functions VIEW
Commercial Banks Meaning & Nature VIEW VIEW
Commercial Banks Functions VIEW
Special types of banks: Women Bank, Payments Bank, Savings Bank, Microfinance Banks VIEW
Regional Rural Banks VIEW
Foreign Banks VIEW
Industrial Development Banks VIEW VIEW
Cooperative Banks VIEW
Agricultural Development Banks VIEW
Public Sector and Private Sector Banks VIEW
Banking Sector Reforms VIEW
Narasimham Committee Report – I and II VIEW VIEW
Basel Norms I, II and III VIEW
CIBIL Meaning, Objectives, Features and Benefits VIEW

 

Unit 2 Banker and Customer Relationship {Book}
Meaning of Banker and Customer VIEW
Importance of Banker-Customer Relationship VIEW VIEW
Types of Bankers VIEW
Customer Relationship: Special and General Relationship: VIEW
Debtor and Creditor VIEW
Pledger and Pledgee VIEW
Licensor and Licensee, Trustee and Beneficiary, Agent and Principal, Advisor and Client, Bailor and Bailee VIEW
Termination of Relationship VIEW
Statutory Protection available to a Banker VIEW VIEW
Meaning Duties and Responsibilities of Collecting Banker VIEW VIEW
Meaning Duties and Responsibilities of Paying Banker VIEW
Meaning Duties and Responsibilities of Lending Banker VIEW
Banking Ombudsman Meaning, Features and Benefits VIEW

 

Unit 3 Banking Products {Book} VIEW
Bank Accounts:
Savings Bank Account, Current Account VIEW
Recurring Deposits Account VIEW
Fixed Deposits Account VIEW
Non Resident Indians Accounts, Pigmy Deposit Accounts, Other Special Accounts VIEW
Procedures and Documents involved in opening bank accounts VIEW VIEW
Bank Advances VIEW
Principles of Bank Lending VIEW
Kinds of Loans:
Short-term Loans VIEW
Cash Credit VIEW
Overdraft VIEW
Pledge, Hypothecation VIEW
Discounting and Purchase of Bills of Exchange VIEW
Purchase of Bills of Exchange VIEW
Letters of Credit VIEW
Retail Banking Services: Home loans, Auto Loans, Personal loans VIEW
Retail Banking Services: Safe Lockers, Jewel Loans, Consumer Durable Loans, Education Loans VIEW
Auxiliary Services: Investment Services, Insurance services VIEW
Currency Exchange VIEW VIEW
Household payment services VIEW
Negotiable Instruments: Meaning, Definitions, Features VIEW VIEW
VIEW
Types of Negotiable Instruments VIEW
Parties to Negotiable Instruments VIEW
Crossing of Cheques VIEW VIEW
Endorsements of Cheques VIEW VIEW
Payments and Collection of Cheques VIEW
Dishonor of Cheques VIEW VIEW VIEW
Cheques Truncation System VIEW

 

Unit 4 Innovations in Banking {Book}
Meaning and Need of Banking Innovations VIEW
Core banking VIEW
E-Banking VIEW
Telebanking VIEW
Internet Banking VIEW
Mobile Banking VIEW
NEFT VIEW
RTGS VIEW
UPI VIEW
IMPS VIEW
ATM, ATM Card VIEW
Debit Card, Credit Card VIEW VIEW VIEW
Truncated Cheques VIEW
MICR Cheques VIEW
CryptoCurrency VIEW
Central Bank VIEW
Digital Currency VIEW VIEW
SWIFT VIEW

 

Unit 5 Technologies used in Banking {Book}
Types of Technology used in Banking VIEW VIEW
Augmented Reality VIEW
Block Chain VIEW
Robotic Process Automation VIEW
Quantum Computing VIEW
Artificial Intelligence VIEW
API Platforms VIEW
Prescriptive security Meaning, Features and Benefits VIEW
Bangalore University B.com Notes

Business Ethics Bangalore University B.com 2nd Semester NEP Notes

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Unit 1 Nature and Essence of Business Ethics {Book}
Meaning of Ethics, Scope & Importance of Ethics VIEW
Types of Ethics VIEW
Business Ethics Introduction, Meaning, Importance VIEW VIEW
Characteristics of Business Ethics VIEW
Factors Influencing Business Ethics VIEW
Principles & Scope of Business Ethics VIEW
Approaches to the study of Business Ethics VIEW
Arguments for and against Business Ethics VIEW
Unit 2 Personal & Professional Ethics {Book}
Personal Ethics Meaning VIEW
Principles of Personal Ethics, Importance VIEW
Emotional Honesty VIEW
Virtue of Humility VIEW
Karma Yoga concept VIEW
Professional Ethics Concept VIEW
Emergence of Professional Ethics VIEW
Need for Professional Ethics VIEW
Ethical Dilemmas in Profession: Healthcare, Education, Corporate, Social work VIEW
Reasons for the crisis of Professional Ethics (Nepotism, favoritism etc.) VIEW
Moral Entrepreneur VIEW
Unit 3 Business Ethics in Marketing & Finance {Book}
Meaning of Marketing, Need of Ethics in Marketing VIEW
Ethical dilemmas in Marketing VIEW
Unethical practices in Marketing VIEW
Ethical issues in Advertising, Promotions and Distribution VIEW
Common deceptive marketing practices VIEW
Role of Consumerism VIEW
Meaning of Finance, Ethics in Finance, Need of Ethics in Finance VIEW
Scope & Code of Ethics in Finance VIEW
Unethical practices in Finance VIEW
Creative Accounting Definition, Importance and Methods VIEW
Earnings Management & Accounting Fraud VIEW
Hostile takeovers in India VIEW
Case study: Kingfisher Airlines Scam, Satyam Scam. VIEW
Unit 4 {Book}
HRM Meaning, Definition, Need VIEW VIEW
HRM Types VIEW
Areas of HRM ethics VIEW
Ethical issues in HR, Unethical practices of HRM VIEW
Meaning & Importance of Workplace Ethics VIEW
Role of Management in inculcating workplace ethics VIEW
Factors shaping ethical behavior at work VIEW
Importance of Employee Code of Conduct VIEW
Ethical Leadership VIEW
IT – Ethical issues relating to Computer Applications VIEW
Information Security VIEW VIEW
Security Policies & Procedures, Information Protection VIEW VIEW
Ethical codes in Information Technology VIEW VIEW
Reducing threat to Information Systems VIEW
Objectives and Features of Cyber Laws in India VIEW VIEW
Objectives and Features of The Information Technology Act 2000 VIEW
Computer Crime VIEW VIEW
Computer Viruses Meaning, Types & Prevention VIEW
Ecological Ethics VIEW
Environment Protection and pollution control by businesses VIEW
VIEW VIEW
Unit 5 Corporate Governance & Corporate Social Responsibility {Book}
Corporate Culture Meaning, Characteristics, Importance VIEW
Positive and Negative impact of corporate culture in business VIEW
Role of CEOs in shaping Business culture VIEW VIEW
Corporate Governance Meaning, Scope, Principles, Benefits VIEW
Corporate Governance Characteristics VIEW
Corporate Governance Limitations VIEW
Corporate Governance Norms VIEW
Changes in Corporate Governance issues as per Companies Act 2013 VIEW
Various Committees on Corporate Governance VIEW
Board of Directors VIEW
Board of Directors Appointment & Duties VIEW VIEW
Cadbury Committee VIEW
Narasimhan Committee VIEW
Narayana Murthy Committee VIEW
Structure of Corporate Governance VIEW
CSR: Concept, Scope, Types, Various models VIEW
CSR Principles VIEW
CSR Strategies VIEW
Importance of CSR in contemporary society VIEW
Bangalore University B.com Notes

Advanced Financial Accounting Bangalore University B.com 2nd Semester NEP Notes

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Unit 1 Insurance Claims for Loss of Stock and Loss of Profit
Meaning of fire claim, Features and Principles of Fire Insurance VIEW
Concept of Loss of Stock: Loss of Profit and Average Clause VIEW
Computation of Claim for loss of stock (including Over valuation and Under Valuation of Stock VIEW
Abnormal Items VIEW
Application of Average Clause VIEW
Unit 2 Departmental Accounts
Departmental Accounts Meaning, Advantages, Disadvantages VIEW
Method of Departmental accounting VIEW
Basis of allocation of common expenditure among various departments. VIEW
Types of departments & Inter-department transfers at cost price and invoice price (Theory and proforma journal entries) VIEW
Preparation Departmental Trading and Profit and Loss Account including inter departmental transfers at Cost Price only. VIEW
VIEW
Unit 3 Conversion of Single Entry into Double Entry
Meaning, Features Types of Single Entry System VIEW
Merits, Demerits of Single Entry System VIEW
Differences between Single Entry System and Double Entry System VIEW
Need and Methods of conversion of Single Entry into Double entry VIEW
Problems on Conversion of Single Entry into Double Entry (Simple Problems only)
Unit 4 Royalty Accounts
Royalty and Royalty agreement, Introduction, Meaning, Definition, Types of Royalty VIEW
Differences between Rent and Royalty VIEW
Terms used in Royalty, Lessor, Lessee, Short Workings, Irrecoverable Short Workings, Recoupment of Short Workings, Surplus Royalty VIEW
Methods of Recoupment of Short Workings: Fixed and Floating methods VIEW
Preparation of Royalty Analysis Table (Excluding Government Subsidy) VIEW
Journal Entries and Ledger Accounts in the books of Lessee only:

i) When Minimum Rent Account is opened

ii) When Minimum Rent Account is not opened.

Note: Problems including Strikes and Lockouts, but excluding sub-lease.

 VIEW
VIEW
Unit 5 Average Due Date and Account Current
Average Due Date: Meaning, Concept, Uses VIEW
Calculation of Average Due Date:

i) Where amount is lent in one installment

ii) Where amount is lent in various installments

iii) Taking Grace Days into account

iv) Calculation of Due Date few months after date / Sight

 VIEW
Account Current Meaning, Need and Situation leading to Account Current Preparation VIEW
Account Current with the help of:

i) Interest table.

ii) By Means of Product.

 VIEW
Bangalore University B.com Notes

Procedure for lapsed policy

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Reinstatement is the primary phase where you will have to submit all your policy documents which are decided on the duration of your policy lapse and your revival application date. Later, you need to pay the delayed premium sum along with the interest to your insurer, sometimes with a penalty, where your interest and penalty will be decided by your insurer.

Now after submitting the necessary documents and paying unpaid premiums on time will let your request for insurance policy revival to process, which is the third stage. Now you may have to submit an insurance certificate or a health statement to your insurer by carefully filling the form.

Finally, your lapsed life insurance policy starts covering your life again, but we advise you to check your new insurance policy document for any new clauses as the insurers tend to add them sometimes. So, now you have known the process of revival of life insurance policy, then why wait to restore your lapsed insurance policies and restart your coverage.

A life insurance policy is an important tool in financial planning for many of us. There are different modes of Life insurance policy payments. One of the most favored modes by many is “Regular payment” in which the policyholder makes payment to the insurance company at regular intervals of time.

These regular intervals are Monthly, Quarterly, Half-yearly and Annual, out of which the Annual mode of payment is opted by many of us. The other payment types are “Time payment” or “Limited period payment”.

For restoring the lapsed policy, you need to visit the branch and submit an application for reinstatement. Then the insurance company decides on the premium to be paid to reinstate the policy along with the other requirements to be satisfied such as medical tests etc.

Insurance companies sometimes charge interest and even levy penalties to reinstate the lapsed life insurance policies. The greater the lapsed period of time the higher would be the penalty.

In case of death of the policyholder when a policy has lapsed, if the policy has achieved life insurance without surrender value, then claims will be settled to that extent by the insurer. Id not, the policy loses all its benefits and no claims would be settled.

It is very important to note that once the life insurance policy lapses, you no longer have coverage. This means that the life insurance company will not pay the claim in the event of death.  So sooner you reinstate the lapsed policy, the better it would be for you.

  • Right Premium Paying
  • Understand Reinstatement
  • Policy Processing
  • Terms and Conditions

Steps to Considered Before Policy Lapse

Pay through ATMs: Certain insurance companies have tie-ups with banks where the banks provide you the option to pay the premiums through their ATMs. Choose auto-pay service if you opt for this, your premiums will be paid automatically through your credit card and this will reflect in the billing cycle of your card.

Electronic Clearing Service(ECS): Here you can give a standing order to the bank to deduct a particular amount towards the life insurance plan.

Check your resources: Before you opt for a policy ensure that it does not burn a hole in your pocket.

Bangalore University B.com Notes

Application and Preparation of Demand Drafts

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The first step includes visiting the bank and asking for a demand draft form or you can fill one through online services.

Next, you need to fill in all the necessary details such as

  • Payment mode: Cheque or cash,
  • Make the demand draft under whose name,
  • The total amount,
  • Cheque number,
  • Your bank account number,
  • Encashment details and
  • Your signature.

You will get your demand draft once you submit the required application form along with the services charges. Every bank has its own charge structure. You need to find out the charge of the bank from which you are availing the demand draft service. You can make your demand draft either at your own bank or at any other bank.

You need to give your PAN card details if the sum total is more than Rs. 50,000

If you making a demand draft online then all you need to do is fill in all the details and then collect the demand draft at the respective branch mentioned by the bank. You will get your demand draft after 2-5 days by courier.

Features of a Demand Draft

  • It can only be paid on demand.
  • Under the act of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, in section 85, complete information has been laid out about demand drafts.
  • It shouldn’t be paid to the bearer
  • There is a specific amount of charge attached to the demand draft. RBI decides services charges for demand drafts but each and every bank is free to have their own service charges.

Preparation of Demand Drafts

Demand Draft Clearing Time

Demand Draft is unlike a cheque. While a cheque takes a specified time of a day or two to get cleared, the same cannot be said for the demand draft. There are no codified rules as to how long the banks have to take in clearing the DD, which is why the time taken by each bank varies. Ideally, it takes two business days for a demand draft to be cleared.

This time can be longer in case there are any issues with the instrument. As stated earlier, Demand Drafts are executed after several scrutinise and they are technically drawn by a bank on another bank. In situations where the amount has to be transferred from one bank to another, there is a possibility of it taking longer than two days.

How to Get a Demand Draft Issued

  • Visit the bank where you have your account.
  • Draw cash in the name of “self”
  • Ask the bank teller to give you the form needed to be filled for making the demand draft
  • Fill in the details and submit the form along with the cheque.
  • The teller will scrutinize all the details and once he is satisfied, he will ask you to pay a small charge for making the DD
  • He will then stamp the DD and hand it over to you.

Crossed Demand Draft

In case the Demand Draft is Crossed as Account Payee, it cannot be encashed over the counter from the Bank Branch and can only be cleared by depositing in the Bank Account of the Person in whose favor the DD has been made. However, in case the Instrument is not a Crossed Demand Draft, it can be encashed without depositing in the Bank Account, by encashing it over the counter from the Bank Branch.

The main purpose of Crossing a Demand Draft is the ensure that the payment is cleared by means of an account i.e. the payment is deposited in the Bank Account of the person in whose favour the DD has been drawn. This helps in preventing wrongful payment to any person and ensures that the payment is made only to the person in whose favour the DD has been drawn and not to any person.

If the DD is not crossed, the payment would be made by the bank to the holder of the Instrument after his proper identification. And in case, it is a crossed demand draft, the payment would be made only to the Bank Account of the person.

Difference between Demand Draft and Cheque

A Cheque is signed by an Individual and therefore there are chances that the cheque may or may not clear. However, a DD is prepared by the Banker and as it is signed by a banker, the chances of default are not there.

You would have seen that many organisations when receiving payments from the public don’t accept Cheque Payments and require that payments should be made through Bank Drafts. The reason for this is that there are chances that the Cheque may get dishonoured or may not clear due to any reason whatsoever, but that is not the case with DD. In case of a DD, the Payment is to be made by the Bank who has drawn the Demand Draft and therefore the chances of the cheque not clearing are Nil.

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