Category: Osmania University Hyderabad BCOM Notes
by Auditing Osmania University BCOM 3rd Semester 2025-26 Notes
| Unit 1 | |
| Auditing, Meaning, Definition, Evolution, Objectives, Types, Advantages and Limitations | VIEW |
| Standards of Auditing | VIEW |
| Procedure for Issue of Standards by AASB- SA 200 | VIEW |
| Objective of an Independent Auditor | VIEW |
| Conduct of an Audit in Accordance with Standards of Auditing | VIEW |
| Auditor, Appointment, Qualities, Remuneration, Qualification and Disqualification, Power, Removal, Rights and Duties | VIEW |
| Civil and Criminal Liabilities of Auditors | VIEW |
| Unit 2 | |
| Commencement of Audit | VIEW |
| Engagement Letter | VIEW |
| Agreeing the terms of Audit Engagement | VIEW |
| Audit Planning, Meaning and Objectives, Nature and Extent of Planning | VIEW |
| Audit Strategy | VIEW |
| Relationship between Audit Strategy and Audit Plan | VIEW |
| Contents of Audit Plan | VIEW |
| Audit Programme | VIEW |
| Circumstances Requiring Alteration of Audit Programme | VIEW |
| Audit Documentation, Meaning and Importance | VIEW |
| Permanent and Current Audit Files | VIEW |
| Audit Note Book | VIEW |
| Audit Workbook / Audit Working Papers | VIEW |
| Audit Markings | VIEW |
| Unit 3 | |
| Understanding the Entity and its Environment | VIEW |
| Identifying and Assessing Risks of Material Misstatement at Financial Statement level & Assertion level | VIEW |
| Materiality in Audit, Meaning and Significance of Materiality | VIEW |
| Materiality in Planning and Performing an Audit | VIEW |
| Audit Risk, Meaning, Components, Inherent Risk, Control Risk, Detection Risk | VIEW |
| Risk of Material Misstatement | VIEW |
| Relationship between Materiality and Audit Risk | VIEW |
| Internal Control, Meaning, Objectives, Component | VIEW |
| Internal Audit, Meaning, Functions and Scope | VIEW |
| Roles and Responsibilities of Internal Auditor | VIEW |
| Internal Check Vs. Internal Audit | VIEW |
| Internal Control vs. Internal Audit | VIEW |
| Internal Audit Vs External Audit | VIEW |
| Unit 4 | |
| Audit Evidence, Meaning, Definition, Procedures, Sources, Importance | VIEW |
| Concepts of Sufficiency and Appropriateness of Audit Evidence | VIEW |
| Reliability of Audit Evidence | VIEW |
| Auditor’s Response to Assessed Risks | VIEW |
| Test of Control | VIEW |
| Substantive Procedures, Analytical Procedures & Test of Details | VIEW |
| Vouching, Meaning and Objectives | VIEW |
| Verification of various Assets and Liabilities | VIEW |
| Valuation of various Assets and Liabilities | VIEW |
| Unit 5 | |
| Audit Completion Procedures | VIEW |
| Audit Report, Elements of an Audit Report | VIEW |
| Types of Audit Opinions | VIEW |
| Emphasis of Matter and Other Matter Paragraph | VIEW |
Business Statistics-I Osmania University BCOM 3rd Semester 2025-26 Notes
| Unit 1 | |
| Business Statistics, Meaning, Scope, Importance and Limitations of Statistics in Business and Commerce | VIEW |
| Statistical Investigation | VIEW |
| Planning of a Statistical Enquiry | VIEW |
| Sources of Data | VIEW |
| Primary and Secondary Data | VIEW |
| Methods of Collecting Data | VIEW |
| Census | VIEW |
| Sampling Methods | VIEW |
| Errors in Statistical Investigation and Approximation | VIEW |
| Organization of Data, Classification and Tabulation of Data | VIEW |
| Frequency Distribution and Grouped Frequency Tables | VIEW |
| Diagrammatic Presentation of Data | VIEW |
| Graphical Presentation of Data, Bar Diagrams, Pie Diagrams and Line Graphs, Histograms | VIEW |
| Unit 2 | |
| Definition and Types of Data | VIEW |
| Individual Series, Discrete Series and Continuous Series | VIEW |
| Meaning And Importance of Measures of Central Tendency | VIEW |
| Arithmetic Mean, Computation for Individual, Discrete and Continuous Series | VIEW |
| Combined Mean, Weighted Mean | VIEW |
| Geometric Mean, Meaning, Computation and Applications | VIEW |
| Harmonic Mean, Meaning, Computation and Applications | VIEW |
| Partition Values, Median , Quartiles, Deciles and Percentiles, and Mode | VIEW |
| Comparison of Averages | VIEW |
| Advantages and Limitations of Different Measures of Central Tendency | VIEW |
| Unit 3 | |
| Dispersion, Meaning, Characteristics, Significance, Absolute and Relative Measures of Dispersion | VIEW |
| Measurement of Dispersion through Range, Quartile Deviation, Mean Deviation and Standard Deviation | VIEW |
| Computation and Applications for Individual, Discrete and Continuous Series | VIEW |
| Relative Measures of Dispersion | VIEW |
| Coefficient of Range | VIEW |
| Coefficient of Quartile Deviation | VIEW |
| Coefficient of Mean Deviation, Combined Standard Deviation | VIEW |
| Applications of Dispersion in Business and Economic Analysis | VIEW |
| Advantages and Limitations of Various Measures of Dispersion | VIEW |
| Unit 4 | |
| Coefficient of Variation, Meaning and Significance | VIEW |
| Relative Measure of Dispersion, Computation and Interpretation | VIEW |
| Comparison of Consistency and Stability of Two or More Series | VIEW |
| Lorenz Curve, Meaning and Significance, Construction of Lorenz Curve, Measurement of Inequality and Concentration | VIEW |
| Application of Lorenz Curve in Income, Wealth and Market-Share Analysis | VIEW |
| Skewness, Meaning and Significance, Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Distributions, Positive and Negative Skewness, | VIEW |
| Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of Skewness, Interpretation and Applications | VIEW |
| Bowley’s Coefficient of Skewness, Interpretation and Applications | VIEW |
| Kurtosis, Meaning and Significance, Types of Kurtosis, Interpretation of Kurtosis in Statistical Analysis | VIEW |
| Unit 5 | |
| Index Numbers in Economic and Business Analysis, Meaning and Importance, Uses and Limitations | VIEW |
| Problems in the Construction of Index Numbers | VIEW |
| Methods of Constructing Index Numbers, Simple Index Numbers and Weighted Index Numbers, Fisher, Laspeyres, Paasche’s and Marshall Edgeworth Methods | VIEW |
| Tests of Adequacy of Index Numbers, Unit Test, Time Reversal Test and Factor Reversal Test, Base Shifting | VIEW |
| Splicing of Index Numbers | VIEW |
| Deflating of Index Numbers | VIEW |
Advanced Accounting Osmania University BCOM 3rd Semester 2025-26 Notes
| Unit 1 | |
| Foundations of Partnership, Meaning | VIEW |
| Legal Framework of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932 | VIEW |
| Essential Clauses and Significance of a Partnership Deed | VIEW |
| Maintenance of Capital Accounts, Fixed Capital Method vs. Fluctuating Capital Method | VIEW |
| Accounting for Interest on Capital | VIEW |
| Accounting for Interest on Drawings | VIEW |
| Accounting for Interest on Salaries to Partners | VIEW |
| Accounting for Interest on Commission to Partners | VIEW |
| Admission of a Partner, Calculation of New Profit-Sharing Ratio and Sacrificing Ratio | VIEW |
| Treatment of Goodwill (Premium Method, Revaluation Method, and Memorandum Revaluation Method) | VIEW |
| Valuation And Accounting Treatment of Accumulated Profits, Unrecorded Assets, Reserves, And Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities | VIEW |
| Adjustment of Partner Capitals Based on New Ratios | VIEW |
| Retirement and Death of a Partner, Accounting for a Death of a Partner, Calculation of New Profit Sharing Ratio and Gaining Ratio | VIEW |
| Revaluation of Assets/Liabilities | VIEW |
| Treatment of Goodwill upon Retirement | VIEW |
| Accounting Treatment for the Transfer of a Retiring Partner’s Balance to a Loan Account | VIEW |
| Computation of a Deceased Partner’s Share of Profit up to the Date of Dissolution (Excluding Joint Life Policy calculations) (Theory and Numericals) | VIEW |
| Unit 2 | |
| Dissolution of Partnership Firms, Meaning and Legal Distinction Between the Dissolution of a Partnership and the Dissolution of a Firm | VIEW |
| Statutory Provisions for the Settlement of Accounts upon Dissolution (Section 48 of the Indian Partnership Act) | VIEW |
| Preparation of Realisation Account Partner’s Loan Account, Partner’s Capital Accounts, and Cash/Bank Account | VIEW |
| Insolvency Of Partners, Advanced Application of the Garner Vs. Murray Rule (Distribution of Capital Deficiency Caused by Insolvency Among Solvent Partners) | VIEW |
| Accounting Treatment Excluding the Case of Insolvency of All Partners Simultaneously | VIEW |
| Piecemeal Distribution of Cash Assets to Partners During Gradual Liquidation (Maximum Loss Method and Surplus Capital Method) | VIEW |
| Conversion and Sale of an Ongoing Partnership Firm to a Limited Joint Stock Company | VIEW |
| Computation of Purchase Consideration and Final Closing Books of Accounts of the Firm (Theory and Numericals) | VIEW |
| Unit 3 | |
| Share Capital Structure of Corporate Entities | VIEW |
| Accounting mechanics for the Issue of Equity and Preference Shares at Par and Premium | VIEW |
| Strict Compliance with Section 52 of the Companies Act, 2013 Regarding the Statutory Utilization of the Securities Premium Account | VIEW |
| Pro-Rata Allotment Mechanics | VIEW |
| Handling of Calls-in-Arrears and Calls-in-Advance | VIEW |
| Accounting for the Forfeiture of shares and the Re-issue of Forfeited Shares Under Varied Conditions | VIEW |
| Deletion of Discount Issuances as per Section 53 | VIEW |
| Issue of Debentures | VIEW |
| Accounting Entries for the Issue of Debentures with Explicit Conditions of Redemption (at Par, Premium) | VIEW |
| Underwriting of Shares and Debentures | VIEW |
| Statutory Provision | VIEW |
| Determining Underwrites Absolute and Contingent Liabilities (Gross, Net, and Marked Applications) | VIEW |
| Bonus Shares, Meaning, Purpose, SEBI Guidelines for Bonus Issues | VIEW |
| Sources of Capitalization, and Accounting Entry Design (Theory and Numericals) | VIEW |
| Unit 4 | |
| Structure and Statutory Mandates of the Companies Act, 2013 | VIEW |
| Thorough Analysis | VIEW |
| Application of Schedule III (Division I) | VIEW |
| General Instructions, Formats, and Structural Protocols for the Presentation of the Corporate Balance Sheet (Part-I) and the Statement of Profit and Loss (Part-II) | VIEW |
| Preparation of Standard Corporate Final Accounts Including Comprehensive Modern Adjustments (Current Corporate Tax Provisions, Transfer to Statutory Reserves, Managerial Remuneration Adjustments, and Dividend Distribution Constraints) | VIEW |
| Profits Prior to Incorporation, Conceptual understanding of Pre-Incorporation and Post-Incorporation Trading Horizons | VIEW |
| Principles Governing the Allocation of Income and expenses between Pre- and Post-Incorporation Phases using Time Basis, Turnover Basis, and Specific Weighted Allocation Methods | VIEW |
| Accounting Treatment and Balance Sheet Presentation of Pre-Incorporation Profits/Losses (Theory and Numericals) | VIEW |
| Unit 5 | |
| Valuation of Goodwill, Meaning, Features, Methods and Corporate/Regulatory Circumstances Necessitating the Valuation of Goodwill | VIEW |
| Valuation of Shares, Fundamental Corporate Needs for Share Pricing and Asset Valuation | VIEW |
| Analytical Methods of Share Valuation | VIEW |
| Net Assets Method (Intrinsic Value Factoring Revalued Assets) | VIEW |
| Yield Basis Method (Earning Capacity and Dividend Yield) | VIEW |
| Fair Value Method | VIEW |
| Interpreting Valuation Discrepancies between Asset Backed and Earning-Backed Assessment Models (Theory and Numericals) | VIEW |
English Osmania University BCOM 3rd Semester 2025-26 Notes
| Unit 1 | |
| POETRY: On His Blindness by John Milton | VIEW |
| PROSE: The Oldest of Animals (from The Jatakas) | VIEW |
| GRAMMAR: Degrees of Comparison | VIEW |
| VOCABULARY: Blend Words | VIEW |
| SPEAKING: Greeting, Taking Leave, and Introducing Yourself | VIEW |
| WRITING: Punctuation | VIEW |
| CRITICAL READING: Standard-Setting and Accreditation for School Education | VIEW |
| Time Management | VIEW |
| Unit 2 | |
| POETRY To My Excellent Lucasia, on Our Friendship by Katherine Philips | VIEW |
| PROSE: Allegory of the Caveby Plato | VIEW |
| GRAMMAR Reported Speech | VIEW |
| VOCABULARY Collocations | VIEW |
| SPEAKING: Asking for and Giving Information | VIEW |
| WRITING: Book and Film Review | VIEW |
| CRITICAL READING: Framing a Shot | VIEW |
| SKILLS: Problem-Solving | VIEW |
Banking and Financial Services Osmania University BCOM 2nd Semester 2025-26 Notes
| Unit 1 [Book] | |
| Commercial Bank Introduction | VIEW |
| Functions of Commercial Banks | VIEW |
| Emerging Trends in Commercial Banking in India | VIEW |
| E-Banking | VIEW |
| Mobile Banking | VIEW |
| Core Banking | VIEW |
| Bank Assurance | VIEW |
| OMBUDSMAN | VIEW |
| RBI, Constitution, Organizational Structure, Management, Objectives, Functions, Monetary Policy | VIEW |
| RBI Monetary Policy | VIEW |
| District Co-Operative Central Banks | VIEW |
| Centralized Bank | VIEW |
| Contemporary Banks | VIEW |
| Regional Rural Banks | VIEW |
| National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) | VIEW |
| SIDBI | VIEW |
| Development Banks | VIEW |
| Unit 2 [Book] | |
| Definition of Banker and Customer | VIEW |
| Relationship Between Banker and Customer | VIEW |
| KYC Norms | VIEW |
| General and Special Features of Relationship | VIEW |
| Opening of Bank Account | VIEW |
| Special Types of Customers: | |
| Minor Bank Account | VIEW |
| Married Women Bank Account | VIEW |
| Partnership Firms Bank Account | VIEW |
| Companies Bank Account | VIEW |
| Clubs Bank Account | VIEW |
| Non-Trading Institutions Bank Account | VIEW |
| Unit 3 [Book] | |
| Negotiable Instruments Descriptions and their Special Features | VIEW |
| Duties and Responsibilities of Paying Banker | VIEW |
| Duties and Responsibilities of Collecting Banker | VIEW |
| Circumstances under which a Banker can refuse Payment of Cheques | VIEW |
| Consequences of Wrongful Dishonors | VIEW |
| Precautions to be taken while Advancing Loans Against Securities | VIEW |
| Goods, Documents of Title to Goods | VIEW |
| Loans against Real Estate | VIEW |
| Loans against Insurance Policies | VIEW |
| Loans against Collateral Securities | VIEW |
| Loans against Banking Receipts | VIEW |
| Unit 4 [Book] | |
| Financial Services: Meaning, Functions, Classification, Scope | VIEW |
| Fund Based Activities | VIEW |
| Non-fund Based Activities | VIEW |
| Modern Activities of Financial Services | VIEW |
| Causes for Financial Innovation | VIEW |
| New Financial Products and Services | VIEW |
| Innovative Financial Instruments | VIEW |
| Challenges Facing the Financial Service Sector, Present Scenario | VIEW |
| Unit 5 [Book] | |
| Financial Services | VIEW |
| Definition, Services of Merchant Banks | VIEW |
| Problems and Scope of Merchant Banking in India | VIEW |
| Venture Capital, Meaning, Features, Scope, Importance | VIEW |
| Leasing: Definition and Steps | VIEW |
| Types of Lease: Financial Lease, Operating Lease, Leverage Lease | VIEW |
| Sale and Lease Back | VIEW |
| Discounting, Concept, Advantages of Bill Discounting | VIEW |
| Factoring Meaning and Nature, Parties in Factoring, Merits and Demerits of Factoring | VIEW |
| Forfeiting, Parties to Forfeiting, Costs of Forfeiting | VIEW |
| Benefits of Forfeiting for Exporters and Importers | VIEW |
Business Laws Osmania University BCOM 2nd Semester 2025-26 Notes
| Unit 1 [Book] | |
| Indian Contract Act 1872 | VIEW |
| Contract | VIEW |
| Essentials of a Valid Contract | VIEW |
| Types of Contract (Valid Void Voidable, Unenforceable, Quasi-Contracts) | VIEW |
| Formation of Contract: | |
| Offer and Acceptance, Essentials of Valid offer and Acceptance | VIEW |
| Communication and Revocation of Offer and Acceptance | VIEW |
| Capacity and Consent: Competency to Contract Free Consent (Coercion, Undue influence, Fraud, Misrepresentation, Mistake) | VIEW |
| Consideration, Essentials of Valid Consideration (Nudum pactum) | VIEW |
| Agreements Declared Void (Restraint of Trade, Legal Proceedings) | VIEW |
| Discharge, Modes of Discharge of a Contract | VIEW |
| Performance of Contracts | VIEW |
| Breach of Contract (Actual and Anticipatory) | VIEW |
| Remedies for Breach Remedies for Breach (Damages, Specific Performance, Injunction, Rescission | VIEW |
| Special Contracts (Introduction) | VIEW |
| Overview of Contract Indemnity | VIEW |
| Overview of Contract Guarantee | VIEW |
| Unit 2 [Book] | |
| Sale of Goods Act 1930 | VIEW |
| Contract of Sale: | VIEW |
| Sale and Agreement to Sell, Essential of Valid Sale | VIEW |
| Definition and Types of Goods | VIEW |
| Stipulations: Conditions and Warranties (Implied and Express) | VIEW |
| Caveat Emptor and its Exceptions | VIEW |
| Transfer of Title: Rules regarding Transfer of Property | VIEW |
| Unpaid Seller, Rights of Unpaid Seller Against the Goods and Against the Buyer Personally | VIEW |
| Consumer Protection Act, 2019 (Latest Act) Core Concepts | VIEW |
| Definition of Consumer (Includes E-Commerce), Person, Goods, Service | VIEW |
| Consumer Dispute | VIEW |
| Unfair Trade Practices | VIEW |
| Misleading Advertisement | VIEW |
| Product Liability | VIEW |
| Institutional Framework: | |
| Introduction to the Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) | VIEW |
| Redressal Agencies: Consumer Dispute Redressal Commissions (District, State, National), Compositions and Latest Monitory Jurisdiction Limits | VIEW |
| E-Commerce and Digital Age | VIEW |
| Key Provision of the Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules, 2020 (e.g., Liability of Market Place vs. Inventory Model | VIEW |
| Unit 3 [Book] | |
| Intellectual Property Rights | VIEW |
| Trade Marks, Functions | VIEW |
| Registration of Trade Marks | VIEW |
| Trademarks, Duration and Renewal, Infringement and Passing off | VIEW |
| Patents Definition, Kinds of Patents | VIEW |
| Patentable and Non-Patentable Inventions | VIEW |
| Transfer of the Patent Rights | VIEW |
| Rights of the Patentee | VIEW |
| Copy Rights Definition | VIEW |
| Rights of the Copyright Owner | VIEW |
| Terms of Copyright | VIEW |
| Copyright Infringement | VIEW |
| Faire Use | VIEW |
| Other Intellectual Property Rights: | |
| Introduction to Design Act, 2000 | VIEW |
| Trade Secrets | VIEW |
| Geographical Indications | VIEW |
| Unit 4 [Book] | |
| Director: Qualification, Disqualification | VIEW |
| Director Appointment (First Subsequent), Removal | VIEW |
| Director, Position, Appointment | VIEW |
| Director Duties and Liabilities, Power | VIEW |
| Director Loans | VIEW |
| Independent Directors | VIEW |
| Managing Director | VIEW |
| Corporate Governance | VIEW |
| Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Provisions of Section135 of the Companies Act, 2013 Applicability, Composition of CSR Committee, Mandatory 2% Spending and Treatment of Unspent Amount | VIEW |
| Meeting Meaning, Types | VIEW |
| Requisites of Valid Meeting | VIEW |
| Meeting Notice, Proxy | VIEW |
| Agenda of Meeting | VIEW |
| Quorum of Meeting | VIEW |
| Resolutions, Minutes, Kinds | VIEW |
| Shareholder Meetings | VIEW |
| Annual General Body Meeting | VIEW |
| Extraordinary General Body Meeting | VIEW |
| Board Meeting, Frequency and Rules | VIEW |
| Unit 5 [Book] | |
| Winding Up under Companies Act, 2013: Meaning, Modes of Winding Up (Primarily Winding Up by Tribunal on Non-Insolvency grounds like Fraud, Oppression) | VIEW |
| Consequences of Winding Up | VIEW |
| Removal of Name of the Company (Striking Off) Conditions and Procedure under the Companies Act | VIEW |
| Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016: Objective and Applicability, The Process | VIEW |
| Overview of the Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP) | VIEW |
| Key Functionaries: | |
| National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) | VIEW |
| Committee of Creditors (CoC) | VIEW |
| Insolvency Professional (IP) | VIEW |
| Liquidation: Grounds for Liquidation | VIEW |
| Distribution of Assets (Order of Priority) | VIEW |