Outsourcing of Accounting of Functions

Outsourced accounting is a service which provides a full, accounting department experience for small businesses. An accounting department handles the day-to-day transaction coding, accounts payable, accounts receivable, payroll, management financial reporting and many other services.

Outsourced accounting providers have a full complement of accounting professionals allowing them to offer a small team of accountants at a lower cost to hiring.

Benefits of Outsourced Accounting

Many companies outsource a business process. You may already outsource your payroll process, so you’re familiar with some of the general benefits of outsourcing. Outsourced accounting has similar benefits as well as many others:

Freedom

Work on your business while we handle your accounting through the use of secured cloud-based accounting software; which enables you to have access to your accounting records from anywhere in the world at any time.

Real-Time Information

Your accounting is processed as it comes in. You work with us on what you want to do next. We can work on the same data at the same time, ensuring it is current and up-to-date; which puts actionable and current data at your fingertips.

Eliminate Hiring Costs

It’s expensive to hire, train, and maintain an accounting department. Outsourcing the accounting function eliminates hiring and training costs.

Enhance Business Continuity

Valuable knowledge walks out the door when a key accounting personnel leaves your company. The risk of knowledge loss and enhance business continuity with outsourced accounting.

Security

Your accounting data is stored on secured servers in the cloud protecting against physical data loss, and to enhance business continuity and disaster recovery.

Uses:

Bookkeeping:

Since Accounts Payable & Accounts Receivables are highly manual transactional processes, they are often assigned to entry-level accounting professionals in an in-house model in UK accounting firms. Employee attrition is high in these positions, hence every now & then a new talent must be sourced to fill these roles. This means downtime, which represents its own cost in lost productivity, plus the additional cost of hiring & training new team members to take over the role, all while the already scarce talent market drives the cost of this talent upward. That’s a lot of money & effort dedicated to a routine bookkeeping process.

With an outsourced model, this liability is delegated & will be meticulously handled by outsourcing management. General accounting & financial service workforce for outsourcing industry comprises of qualified accountants who are ACCA(UK) & Chartered Accountancy (India) charter holders who are well versed with IFRS & IAS compliant Accounting practices. They lead teams to ensure uttermost accurate accounting while processing your data.   

Accounts Finalisation:

With the need for timely submission of VAT & Income Tax Returns, it is very pertinent that accounting transactions & bank reconciliations are updated on frequent intervals to avoid missing tight deadlines. Furthermore, if a business operates on high cash inflows & outflows, it becomes very essential that records are accurate & the processing of the same takes place under strict internal controls with proper management. Outsourcing assists you in delegating that authority & responsibility thereby adding another layer of safety with cross verifications to mitigate the risks of fraudulent malpractices.

Timely available reports also enable executives to take accurate decisions for companies with immaculate record keeping. Statement of Equity, cashflow and Financial position can be prepared at ease if outsourced rather than the end minute hustle. Accurate statements aid in availing government benefits, loans and angel investments. They are the benchmarks upon which performance is judged & such meticulous tasks should be entrusted only with experts which the outsourcing industry boasts of. 

Payrolling:

The General Data Protection Regulation Act (GDPR) has introduced new dimensions to legislative compliance bottleneck for UK companies, particularly with regards to their staff payroll data. Major outsourced accounting firms invest heavily to build network infrastructure that is GDPR ready so as to ensure data security. With NIC contributions to be made every month for each worker, it becomes a cumbersome process specially if it involves wage-rate & time-rate computations. The complexities of processing payroll are becoming more & more integral & to ensure that rising fines by HMRC are not implicated, firms in general remain fully up-to-date with legislative changes on IR35, NIC contributions, Pension contributions & Finance Act-20. Hence, ensuring that our services remain compliant with changes in taxation or payroll legislation. Moreover, for a UK Company, the constant iterations in the Furlough Scheme, new payroll regulations & the Tax Code system would require hiring of a payroll specialist or staff members who need extensive training perform such mundane yet meticulous task. Evidently, the cards seem better on the ‘outsourcing’ table for all grounds. 

Tax Compliance:

Qualified Accountants have expertise in SA100, CT600 & SA800 filing & with a proper tax plan tailor-made for every client, their progressive tax savings over time is eminent. Outsourcing industry is in lieu with the MTD system for VAT leaving little to no ground for systematic errors in compliance. Furthermore, outsourcing experts ensure full adherence to the PAYE & the Tax code system. Outsourcing firms tend to go by the rulebook of HMRC guidelines & employees are regularly updated with policy changes. Guidance is often needed in choosing the right VAT schemes & to utilise the maximum deductions available through allowances. The staff at outsourced companies are well acquainted with implications of Finance Act of UK while being extensively trained in the use of softwares such as Xero, Payroll Manager, SAGE, QuickBooks, Spotlight Reporting, IRIS among others. This saves our UK Accounting clients the need of scrounging for skilled staff during busy season or cutting corners. 

Management Accounting:

The complete digitisation of financial & accounting process comes with its own perks. Previously, advisory services such as Cost accounting, Transfer pricing & Performance Measurement were expensive endeavours for companies as these required professional specialisation which came at a hefty consultancy fee. These reports must be undistorted, accurate & unambiguous & they must be customised as per the business operations in line with the goal perspectives. However, creating & analysing these reports is a labour-intensive task & not advisable to be performed by in-house staff to ensure transparency. Opting for advisory services of an outsourcing company to carry out functions such as relevant costing, creating pricing strategies, budgeting, risk analysis & variance analysis for large scale manufacturing units is a low-risk way to innovate your financial process while creating dynamic improvements in business performance and profitability. The desire of efficiency can be fulfilled within the stipulated budgeted expense structure by collaborating with an outsourcing firm. 

Rise of Accounting Ssoftware solutions

Business accounting is the process of recording, analyzing, and interpreting financial transactions and information. It is the way a business keeps track of its operations. Sometimes keeping track of these operations can be difficult, which is where accounting software steps in. Watch this video to see how accounting software can make accounting tasks easy.

Benefits of Investing in Accounting Software

In case you are wondering to know what benefits does accounting software offer to a business, then the following are worth reading as it familiarises you with some of the well-known benefits:

Productivity: The first and foremost benefit of adopting accounting software is an increase in business productivity. As the process is automated, the software collects, analyzes and offers valuable insights that assist businesses in making smarter financial decisions.

Greater Insights: Accounting software tracks all successful transactions and offers insights about business financial health. Manually composing these reports is a daunting task. But with the assistance of accounting software, businesses can predict the financial trends and make informed decisions. Hence, smaller companies can easily compete with larger firms by leveraging automation.

Security: Financial transactions form the core of any business; if they happen to fall in the wrong hands, then everything turns into a tragedy. Many cloud-based accounting applications adopt stringent security measures to keep financial data safe. They employ methods such as document encryption, user authentication, and authorization and offers protection like online-banking institutions. 

Financial Transparency: Automated systems prevent errors in calculations that arise due to human intervention. As a result of miscalculation, businesses have to bear irreparable losses and thereby leading to a crisis. In the case of accounting software, all the calculations are automated and hence accounts for a higher degree of accuracy.

Affordability: The accounting and financial systems automate the financial calculations and minimise the administrative burden.

Accurate Forecasting: One of the prominent benefits of accounting software is that it analyses the financial trends and patterns, thereby giving a view of financial performance. Without the software, it would instead take quite a long time to get a glimpse of financial patterns. The software provides a clear picture of areas that needs more investment and concurrently displays sections/areas that incur large expenses. Hence the software facilitates to implement smarter strategies by careful analysis of the financial trends and patterns.

Essential features of each of the Software Categories.

Billing and Invoice system

  • Check writing
  • Intimate customers regarding payment dues
  • Financial activity documentation
  • Prepare documents for authorisation and validation

Payroll Management system

  • Calculating employee salaries
  • Deposition of salaries
  • Production of tax forms & Payslips

Time and Expense Management system

  • Expedite billing cycles
  • Approve expenses
  • Collect payments faster

Enterprise Resource Planning Systems

  • Product planning
  • Material purchase
  • Inventory management and control

Accounting software integration: Increasing productivity

Automating even select areas of the business can assist in streamlining operations, eventually boosting productivity for financial management, better cash flow management, and sound financial health.

Effective automation can cut down on time spent on high-volume bookkeeping tasks, freeing up precious human resources to focus on business building activities, including financial and strategic planning.

In the process, existing software need not become redundant. Accounting software integration by professional experts, can help in optimizing automation while ensuring better utilization of existing resources, including infrastructure and hardware. Automated systems can help businesses optimize cloud computing, in turn helping seamless remote work operations.

Uninterrupted business continuity

Apps and tools in software development can help record, store, organize, and access business data more efficiently. Leveraging professional assistance for automation can make a difference in:

  • Accurate needs assessment
  • Identifying relevant solutions
  • Ensuring effective accounting software integration
  • Reliable trouble-shooting and backup support
  • Reliable technical help
  • Savings on expenses; cost efficiency

Workplace wellness accounting

Employee wellness programs are programs undertaken by an employer in order to improve employee health and also to help individual employees overcome particular health-related problems. The employer can offer compulsory employee training, staff seminars, or even work with a third-party provider offering a variety of wellness programs.

Benefits of Employee Wellness Programs

Even though the advantages of an employee wellness program may be hard to see at first glance, employees who are healthy usually bring a range of benefits to other employees and to the companies they work for. Here are some of the benefits of an employee wellness program.

High employee morale

Wellness programs make employees feel appreciated and valued. Employees are happier when they feel appreciated and valued by their employers. The offer of wellness programs usually leads to more enthusiastic employees at work.

More productivity

Employees who eat healthily and exercise regularly are likely to be more productive than those who don’t. Poor health behaviors are usually linked to high levels of unproductivity and ultimately lead to higher health risks and chronic diseases.

Improve recruitment and retention of employees

Good wellness programs will help companies to hire, as well as retain, the best employees. Many people are strongly influenced by the presence of health offerings and other benefits when they choose an employer. Wellness plans also play a vital role in employee retention, by helping to keep the employees loyal.

Reduced health risks

Helping employees to adopt healthy behaviors such as eating well, exercising, and avoiding tobacco lowers health risks. Low health risks lead to reduced health care costs.

Reduced absenteeism

Workplaces with comprehensive wellness programs experience less absenteeism, due to employees being healthier and suffering less stress, leading to cost savings.

Building camaraderie among workers

Some initiatives offer employees the chance to experience other activities unrelated to work, such as participating in a sports team, going to the gym, or eating lunch together. The interaction of co-workers facilitates bonding that helps teams work better together.

Model:

Assessment

Program success and employee engagement require information to be obtained about the workplace, either formally (i.e. needs assessment) or informally (i.e. conversations with employees), collecting data regarding individual lifestyle, work environment, and organizational details. Data should be collected for both employee interests and available aggregate data about health status, health issues or cultural survey data. Engaging employees, including the leadership team, from the beginning of program planning and development will help drive commitment, responsibility, and participation; as well as, creating a culture of health and great place to work. Additional information to assist with workplace assessment can be found using the CDC Assessment Module.

Program planning

Next is to develop a strategic plan that considers the pertinent assessment results from a vantage point of both the individual’s actions and environmental context in accordance with the direction from the governance structure. This should always be completed prior to implementation or evaluation; however, keeping the end in mind (how will I evaluate this program to know it was successful?) will help drive the overall plan. The recommended strategy for “direction leadership and organization” by the CDC includes: leadership support dedicated to championing wellness and modeling behaviors; workplace Wellness Committee, Coordinator or Council; development of a resource list of available assets; defined mission, vision, goals, objectives and strategies; comprehensive communication plan; evidence-based practices; and data collection and analysis. A thoughtful strategic plan will select and deliver interventions, policies, and programs that are most advantageous to the particulars of the employee population. Additional resources can be found by visiting the CDC’s Planning/Workplace Governance Module.

Implementation

The implementation stage is where the rubber meets the road. Employees often see this stage as the “Wellness Program”, and typically do not understand what goes into the process to provide a comprehensive strategic plan. Therefore, implementation occurs when the strategic plan executes the opportunities to support an employee’s health. The CDC recommends four main categories for interventions or strategies that successfully influence health: “health-related programs; health-related policies; health benefits; and environmental supports”.

Evaluation

To determine impact and success, evaluation is crucial to the longevity of a workplace wellness program. Everything from programs to policies to environment must be evaluated to determine return on investment (ROI), value on investment (VOI), health impact, employee satisfaction and sustainability. “According to the CDC (2016), evaluations can often be overwhelming, time-consuming and expensive; so, focusing on relevant, salient, and useful information is key to quality evaluation practices. An evaluation tool should be designed to support the program process, quality improvement, and identification of gaps for future strategic plans.”

Elements of Cost Accounting Bangalore University BBA 3rd Semester NEP Notes

Unit 1 introduction to Cost Accounting [Book]
Introduction, Meaning and Definitions of Cost, Costing and Cost Accounting VIEW
Need and Objective of Cost Accounting VIEW
Distinctions between Financial Accounting and Cost Accounting VIEW
Advantages and Limitations of Cost Accounting VIEW
Classification of Cost VIEW
Material Cost, Labor Cost VIEW
Overhead VIEW VIEW
Important terminologies: Cost Unit, Cost Center VIEW
Direct Cost, Indirect Cost, Prime Cost, Production Cost, Administration Cost, Selling and Distribution Cost, Fixed Cost, Variable Cost, Semi-variable Cost, Period Cost, Product Cost, Explicit Cost, Implicit Cost, Historical Cost, Current Cost, Future or Predetermined Cost, Opportunity Cost VIEW
Installation of Cost Accounting System VIEW
Features of good cost accounting system VIEW
Precautions for installing effective cost accounting system VIEW
Challenges in installing effective cost accounting system VIEW

 

Unit 2 Cost Sheet, Tenders & Quotations [Book]
Introduction, Meaning, Objectives and Contents of Cost Sheet VIEW
Problem on Preparation of Cost Sheet VIEW
Meaning of Tender & Quotation VIEW
Bases for preparation of Tenders & Quotations VIEW
Problems on preparation of Statement of Tender & Quotations, E-Tenders

 

Unit 3 Material Costing [Book]
Introduction, Meaning of Material Cost VIEW
Types of Materials: Direct Materials, Indirect Materials VIEW
Material Cost Control: Meaning, Objectives and Benefits VIEW
Scope of Material Cost Control VIEW VIEW
Procurement, Storage and Management of Issues VIEW VIEW VIEW
Make or Buy Decision VIEW
Purchase Process VIEW
Vendor Selection
Economic Order Quantity. Problems on EOQ VIEW
Methods of Stores or Inventory Control: VIEW
ABC Method VIEW
VED Method VIEW
FSN Method VIEW
Determination of Stock Levels: Reorder Level, Minimum Level, Maximum Level, Average Level and Danger Level VIEW
Duties and Responsibilities of Stores Manager VIEW
Pricing of Material Issues:
Specific Price Method VIEW
First-In- First-Out Method (FIFO) VIEW
Last-In-Last-Out Method (LIFO) VIEW
Highest-In-First-Out Method (HIFO) VIEW
Simple Average Method VIEW
Weighted Average Method VIEW
Base Stock Method VIEW
Replacement Cost Method VIEW
Realizable Price Method, Standard Price Method, Inflated Price Method VIEW
Problems under First-In-First-Out Method (FIFO), Last-In-Last-Out Method (LIFO)  
Simple Average Method VIEW
Weighted Average Method VIEW

 

Unit 4 Labour Costing [Book]
Introduction, Meaning of Labour Cost VIEW
Types of Labour: Direct Labour VIEW
Indirect Labour VIEW
Labour Cost Control: Meaning, Objectives and Benefits VIEW
Scope of Labour Cost Control:
Departments involved VIEW
Time Analysis or Work Study VIEW VIEW
Time Keeping and Time Booking, Payroll Procedure, Idle Time, Over Time VIEW
Labour Turnover VIEW
Wage and Incentive Systems: VIEW
Simple Time Rate System, Straight Piece Rate System VIEW
Taylor’s, Merrick’s, Halsey, Rowan Differential Piece Rate System VIEW
Job Evaluation VIEW
Merit Rating VIEW
Labour Productivity VIEW
Problems on calculation of Labor Cost
Overtime Wages and Wage and Incentive Systems VIEW

 

Unit 5 Overhead Costing [Book]
Introduction, Meaning of Overhead VIEW
VIEW
Classification of Overhead: Factory Overhead, Administrative Overhead, Selling Overhead, Distribution Overhead, Research and Development Overhead VIEW
Accounting and Control of Overheads VIEW
Cost Allocation VIEW
Cost Apportionment VIEW
Methods of Cost Re-apportionment: Direct Method, Step-ladder Method, Repeated Distribution Method, Simultaneous Equation Method VIEW
Problems on Apportionment of production overheads VIEW
Problems on Re-apportionment of production overheads under Direct Method and Simultaneous Method VIEW

Other Notes

Meaning of reconciliation VIEW
Reasons for differences in Profits under Financial and Cost Accounts VIEW
Procedure for Reconciliation:
Ascertainment of Profits as per Financial Accounts and Cost Accounts VIEW
Reconciliation of Profits of both sets of Accounts VIEW
Preparation of Reconciliation Statement VIEW

Cost Accounting Bangalore University B.COM 4th Semester NEP Notes

Unit 1 introduction to Cost Accounting [Book]
Introduction, Meaning and Definitions of Cost, Costing and Cost Accounting VIEW
Need and Objective of Cost Accounting VIEW
Distinctions between Financial Accounting and Cost Accounting VIEW
Advantages and Limitations of Cost Accounting VIEW
Classification of Cost VIEW
Material Cost, Labor Cost VIEW
Overhead VIEW VIEW
Important terminologies: Cost Unit, Cost Center VIEW
Direct Cost, Indirect Cost, Prime Cost, Production Cost, Administration Cost, Selling and Distribution Cost, Fixed Cost, Variable Cost, Semi-variable Cost, Period Cost, Product Cost, Explicit Cost, Implicit Cost, Historical Cost, Current Cost, Future or Predetermined Cost, Opportunity Cost VIEW
Installation of Cost Accounting System VIEW
Features of good cost accounting system VIEW
Precautions for installing effective cost accounting system VIEW
Challenges in installing effective cost accounting system VIEW

 

Unit 2 Cost Sheet, Tenders & Quotations [Book]
Introduction, Meaning, Objectives and Contents of Cost Sheet VIEW
Problem on Preparation of Cost Sheet VIEW
Meaning of Tender & Quotation VIEW
Bases for preparation of Tenders & Quotations VIEW
Problems on preparation of Statement of Tender & Quotations, E-Tenders

 

Unit 3 Material Costing [Book]
Introduction, Meaning of Material Cost VIEW
Types of Materials: Direct Materials, Indirect Materials VIEW
Material Cost Control: Meaning, Objectives and Benefits VIEW
Scope of Material Cost Control VIEW VIEW
Procurement, Storage and Management of Issues VIEW VIEW VIEW
Make or Buy Decision VIEW
Purchase Process VIEW
Vendor Selection
Economic Order Quantity. Problems on EOQ VIEW
Methods of Stores or Inventory Control: VIEW
ABC Method VIEW
VED Method VIEW
FSN Method VIEW
Determination of Stock Levels: Reorder Level, Minimum Level, Maximum Level, Average Level and Danger Level VIEW
Duties and Responsibilities of Stores Manager VIEW
Pricing of Material Issues:
Specific Price Method VIEW
First-In- First-Out Method (FIFO) VIEW
Last-In-Last-Out Method (LIFO) VIEW
Highest-In-First-Out Method (HIFO) VIEW
Simple Average Method VIEW
Weighted Average Method VIEW
Base Stock Method VIEW
Replacement Cost Method VIEW
Realizable Price Method, Standard Price Method, Inflated Price Method VIEW
Problems under First-In-First-Out Method (FIFO), Last-In-Last-Out Method (LIFO)  
Simple Average Method VIEW
Weighted Average Method VIEW

 

Unit 4 Labour Costing [Book]
Introduction, Meaning of Labour Cost VIEW
Types of Labour: Direct Labour VIEW
Indirect Labour VIEW
Labour Cost Control: Meaning, Objectives and Benefits VIEW
Scope of Labour Cost Control:
Departments involved VIEW
Time Analysis or Work Study VIEW VIEW
Time Keeping and Time Booking, Payroll Procedure, Idle Time, Over Time VIEW
Labour Turnover VIEW
Wage and Incentive Systems: VIEW
Simple Time Rate System, Straight Piece Rate System VIEW
Taylor’s, Merrick’s, Halsey, Rowan Differential Piece Rate System VIEW
Job Evaluation VIEW
Merit Rating VIEW
Labour Productivity VIEW
Problems on calculation of Labor Cost
Overtime Wages and Wage and Incentive Systems VIEW

 

Unit 5 Overhead Costing [Book]
Overhead Costing Introduction VIEW VIEW
Meaning of reconciliation VIEW
Reasons for differences in Profits under Financial and Cost Accounts VIEW
Procedure for Reconciliation:
Ascertainment of Profits as per Financial Accounts and Cost Accounts VIEW
Reconciliation of Profits of both sets of Accounts VIEW
Preparation of Reconciliation Statement VIEW

Advanced Accounting BU B.com Old Syllabus Notes

Unit 1 [Book]  
Business of Banking companies VIEW
Some important provisions of Banking Regulation Act of 1949, Brokerage, Discounts, Statutory Reserves, Cash Reserves VIEW
Minimum capital and reserves, Restriction on commission VIEW
Books of accounts VIEW
Special features of bank accounting VIEW
Final Accounts, Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss account VIEW
  VIEW
Interest on Doubtful debts VIEW VIEW
Rebate on bill Discounted VIEW
Acceptance, Endorsement and Other obligations VIEW
Problems as per new provisions  

 

Unit 2 Accounts of Insurance Companies [Book]  
(a) Life insurance: Accounting concepts relating to life insurance companies VIEW
Preparation of Final accounts of life insurance companies VIEW
Revenue account and Balance sheet VIEW
(b) General insurance: Meaning accounting concepts VIEW
Preparation of Final accounts VIEW

 

Unit 3 Inflation Accounting [Book]  
Need, Meaning, definition Importance, Role, Objectives, Merits, and Demerits of Inflation Accounting VIEW
Problems on Current purchasing power method (CPP) VIEW
Current cost accounting method (CCA) VIEW

 

Unit 4 Farm Accounting [Book]  
Meaning, Need and Purpose, Characteristics of farm accounting VIEW
Nature of Transactions, Cost and revenue VIEW
Apportionment of common cost VIEW
By product costing VIEW
Farm Accounting, Recording of transactions, problems VIEW

 

Unit 5 Investment Accounting [Book]  
Introduction, Nature of Investment Accounting VIEW
Investment Ledger VIEW
Different terms used; Cum dividend or Interest and ex-dividend or interest VIEW
Securities VIEW VIEW
Bonus Shares VIEW VIEW
Right Shares VIEW VIEW
Procedures of Recording shares VIEW

Disclosure of different Categories of financial assets and financial liabilities in the Balance sheet and Profit and Loss Account

Significance of financial instruments for financial position and performance

An entity shall disclose information that enables users of its financial statements to evaluate the significance of financial instruments for its financial position and performance.

Balance sheet

Categories of financial assets and financial liabilities

The carrying amounts of each of the following categories, as defined in Ind AS 39, shall be disclosed either in the balance sheet or in the notes:

(a) financial assets at fair value through profit or loss, showing separately (i) those designated as such upon initial recognition and (ii) those classified as held for trading in accordance with Ind AS 39;

(b) Held-to-maturity investments;

(c) Loans and receivables;

(d) available-for-sale financial assets;

(e) financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss, showing separately (i) those designated as such upon initial recognition and (ii) those classified as held for trading in accordance with Ind AS 39; and

(f) Financial liabilities measured at amortised cost.

Financial assets or financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss

If the entity has designated a loan or receivable (or group of loans or receivables) as at fair value through profit or loss, it shall disclose:

(a) The maximum exposure to credit risk (see paragraph 36(a)) of the loan or receivable (or group of loans or receivables) at the end of the reporting period.

(b) The amount by which any related credit derivatives or similar instruments mitigate that maximum exposure to credit risk.

(c) The amount of change, during the period and cumulatively, in the fair value of the loan or receivable (or group of loans or receivables) that is attributable to changes in the credit risk of the financial asset determined either:

(i) As the amount of change in its fair value that is not attributable to changes in market conditions that give rise to market risk; or

(ii) Using an alternative method the entity believes more faithfully represents the amount of change in its fair value that is attributable to changes in the credit risk of the asset.

Changes in market conditions that give rise to market risk include changes in an observed (benchmark) interest rate, commodity price, foreign exchange rate or index of prices or rates.

(d) The amount of the change in the fair value of any related credit derivatives or similar instruments that has occurred during the period and cumulatively since the loan or receivable was designated.

If the entity has designated a financial liability as at fair value through profit or loss in accordance with paragraph 9 of Ind AS 39, it shall disclose:

(a) The amount of change, during the period and cumulatively, in the fair value of the financial liability that is attributable to changes in the credit risk of that liability determined either:

(i) As the amount of change in its fair value that is not attributable to changes in market conditions that give rise to market risk (see Appendix B, paragraph B4); or

(ii) Using an alternative method the entity believes more faithfully represents the amount of change in its fair value that is attributable to changes in the credit risk of the liability.

Changes in market conditions that give rise to market risk include changes in a benchmark interest rate, the price of another entities financial instrument, a 5

Commodity price, a foreign exchange rate or an index of prices or rates. For contracts that include a unit-linking feature, changes in market conditions include changes in the performance of the related internal or external investment fund.

(b) The difference between the financial liabilities carrying amount and the amount the entity would be contractually required to pay at maturity to the holder of the obligation.

The entity shall disclose:

(a) The methods used to comply with the requirements in paragraphs 9(c) and 10(a).

(b) If the entity believes that the disclosure it has given to comply with the requirements in paragraph 9(c) or 10(a) does not faithfully represent the change in the fair value of the financial asset or financial liability attributable to changes in its credit risk, the reasons for reaching this conclusion and the factors it believes are relevant.

Reclassification

If the entity has reclassified a financial asset (in accordance with paragraphs 5154 of Ind AS 39) as one measured:

(a) At cost or amortised cost, rather than at fair value; or

(b) At fair value, rather than at cost or amortised cost,

It shall disclose the amount reclassified into and out of each category and the reason for that reclassification.

12A. if the entity has reclassified a financial asset out of the fair value through profit or loss category in accordance with paragraph 50B or 50D of Ind AS 39 or out of the available-for-sale category in accordance with paragraph 50E of Ind AS 39, it shall disclose:

(a) The amount reclassified into and out of each category;

(b) For each reporting period until derecognition, the carrying amounts and fair values of all financial assets that have been reclassified in the current and previous reporting periods;

(c) If a financial asset was reclassified in accordance with paragraph 50B, the rare situation, and the facts and circumstances indicating that the situation was rare;

(d) for the reporting period when the financial asset was reclassified, the fair value gain or loss on the financial asset recognised in profit or loss or other comprehensive income in that reporting period and in the previous reporting period;

Initial and Subsequent Measurement of Financial Assets and Liabilities

Measurement

A financial asset or financial liability is measured initially at fair value. Subsequent measurement depends on the category of financial instrument. Some categories are measured at amortised cost, and some at fair value. In limited circumstances other measurement bases apply, for example, certain financial guarantee contracts.

The following are measured at amortised cost:

  • Held to maturity investments—non-derivative financial assets that the entity has the positive intention and ability to hold to maturity;
  • loans and receivables—non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market; and
  • Financial liabilities that are not carried at fair value through profit or loss or otherwise required to be measured in accordance with another measurement basis.

The following are measured at fair value:

  • Financial assets and financial liabilities held for trading—this category includes derivatives not designated as hedging instruments and financial assets and financial liabilities that the entity has designated for measurement at fair value. All changes in fair value are reported in profit or loss.
  • Available for sale financial assets—all financial assets that do not fall within one of the other categories. These are measured at fair value. Unrealised changes in fair value are reported in other comprehensive income. Realised changes in fair value (from sale or impairment) are reported in profit or loss at the time of realisation.

Initial measurement

Initially, financial assets and liabilities should be measured at fair value (including transaction costs, for assets and liabilities not measured at fair value through profit or loss). [IAS 39.43]

Measurement subsequent to initial recognition

Subsequently, financial assets and liabilities (including derivatives) should be measured at fair value, with the following exceptions: [IAS 39.46-47]

  • Loans and receivables, held-to-maturity investments, and non-derivative financial liabilities should be measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.
  • Investments in equity instruments with no reliable fair value measurement (and derivatives indexed to such equity instruments) should be measured at cost.
  • Financial assets and liabilities that are designated as a hedged item or hedging instrument are subject to measurement under the hedge accounting requirements of the IAS 39.
  • Financial liabilities that arise when a transfer of a financial asset does not qualify for derecognition, or that are accounted for using the continuing-involvement method, are subject to particular measurement requirements.

Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction. [IAS 39.9] IAS 39 provides a hierarchy to be used in determining the fair value for a financial instrument: [IAS 39 Appendix A, paragraphs AG69-82]

  • Quoted market prices in an active market are the best evidence of fair value and should be used, where they exist, to measure the financial instrument.
  • If a market for a financial instrument is not active, an entity establishes fair value by using a valuation technique that makes maximum use of market inputs and includes recent arm’s length market transactions, reference to the current fair value of another instrument that is substantially the same, discounted cash flow analysis, and option pricing models. An acceptable valuation technique incorporates all factors that market participants would consider in setting a price and is consistent with accepted economic methodologies for pricing financial instruments.
  • If there is no active market for an equity instrument and the range of reasonable fair values is significant and these estimates cannot be made reliably, then an entity must measure the equity instrument at cost less impairment.

Amortised cost is calculated using the effective interest method. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments or receipts through the expected life of the financial instrument to the net carrying amount of the financial asset or liability. Financial assets that are not carried at fair value though profit and loss is subject to an impairment test. If expected life cannot be determined reliably, then the contractual life is used.

IAS 39 fair value option

IAS 39 permits entities to designate, at the time of acquisition or issuance, any financial asset or financial liability to be measured at fair value, with value changes recognised in profit or loss. This option is available even if the financial asset or financial liability would ordinarily, by its nature, be measured at amortised cost but only if fair value can be reliably measured.

In June 2005 the IASB issued its amendment to IAS 39 to restrict the use of the option to designate any financial asset or any financial liability to be measured at fair value through profit and loss (the fair value option). The revisions limit the use of the option to those financial instruments that meet certain conditions: [IAS 39.9]

  • The fair value option designation eliminates or significantly reduces an accounting mismatch, or
  • A group of financial assets, financial liabilities or both is managed and its performance is evaluated on a fair value basis by entity’s management.

IAS 39 available for sale option for loans and receivables

IAS 39 permits entities to designate, at the time of acquisition, any loan or receivable as available for sale, in which case it is measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in equity.

Impairment

A financial asset or group of assets is impaired, and impairment losses are recognised, only if there is objective evidence as a result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the asset. An entity is required to assess at each balance sheet date whether there is any objective evidence of impairment. If any such evidence exists, the entity is required to do a detailed impairment calculation to determine whether an impairment loss should be recognised. [IAS 39.58] The amount of the loss is measured as the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and the present value of estimated cash flows discounted at the financial asset’s original effective interest rate. [IAS 39.63]

Assets that are individually assessed and for which no impairment exists are grouped with financial assets with similar credit risk statistics and collectively assessed for impairment. [IAS 39.64]

If, in a subsequent period, the amount of the impairment loss relating to a financial asset carried at amortised cost or a debt instrument carried as available-for-sale decreases due to an event occurring after the impairment was originally recognised, the previously recognised impairment loss is reversed through profit or loss. Impairments relating to investments in available-for-sale equity instruments are not reversed through profit or loss. [IAS 39.65]

Non-cancellable lease Ind AS 17

Scope

This Standard shall be applied in accounting for all leases other than:

(a) Leases to explore for or use minerals, oil, natural gas and similar non-regenerative resources; and

(b) Licensing agreements for such items as motion picture films, video recordings, plays, manuscripts, patents and copyrights.

However, this Standard shall not be applied as the basis of measurement for:

(a) Property held by lessees that is accounted for as investment property (see Ind AS 40 Investment Property);

(b) Investment property provided by lessors under operating leases (see Ind AS 40 Investment Property);

(c) Biological assets held by lessees under finance leases (see Ind AS 41 Agriculture1); or

(d) Biological assets provided by lessors under operating leases (see AS 41 Agriculture).

This Standard applies to agreements that transfer the right to use assets even though substantial services by the lessor may be called for in connection with the operation or maintenance of such assets. This Standard does not apply to agreements that are contracts for services that do not transfer the right to use assets from one contracting party to the other.

A non-cancellable lease is a lease that is cancellable only:

(a) Upon the occurrence of some remote contingency;

(b) With the permission of the lessor;

(c) If the lessee enters into a new lease for the same or an equivalent asset with the same lessor; or

(d) Upon payment by the lessee of such an additional amount that, at inception of the lease, continuation of the lease is reasonably certain.

The inception of the lease is the earlier of the date of the lease agreement and the date of commitment by the parties to the principal provisions of the lease. As at this date:

(a) A lease is classified as either an operating or a finance lease; and

(b) In the case of a finance lease, the amounts to be recognised at the commencement of the lease term are determined.

The commencement of the lease term is the date from which the lessee is entitled to exercise its right to use the leased asset. It is the date of initial recognition of the lease (ie the recognition of the assets, liabilities, income or expenses resulting from the lease, as appropriate).

The lease term is the non-cancellable period for which the lessee has contracted to lease the asset together with any further terms for which the lessee has the option to continue to lease the asset, with or without further payment, when at the inception of the lease it is reasonably certain that the lessee will exercise the option.

Minimum lease payments are the payments over the lease term that the lessee is or can be required to make, excluding contingent rent, costs for services and taxes to be paid by and reimbursed to the lessor, together with:

(a) For a lessee, any amounts guaranteed by the lessee or by a party related to the lessee;

(b) For a lessor, any residual value guaranteed to the lessor by:

(i) The lessee;

(ii) A party related to the lessee; or

(iii) A third party unrelated to the lessor that is financially capable of discharging the obligations under the guarantee.

However, if the lessee has an option to purchase the asset at a price that is expected to be sufficiently lower than fair value at the date the option becomes exercisable for it to be reasonably certain, at the inception of the lease, that the option will be exercised, the minimum lease payments comprise the minimum payments payable over the lease term to the expected date of exercise of this purchase option and the payment required to exercise it.

Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction.

Economic life is either:

(a) The period over which an asset is expected to be economically usable by one or more users; or

(b) The number of production or similar units expected to be obtained from the asset by one or more users.

Useful life is the estimated remaining period, from the commencement of the lease term, without limitation by the lease term, over which the economic benefits embodied in the asset are expected to be consumed by the entity.

Guaranteed residual value is:

(a) for a lessee, that part of the residual value that is guaranteed by the lessee or by a party related to the lessee (the amount of the guarantee being the maximum amount that could, in any event, become payable); and

(b) For a lessor, that part of the residual value that is guaranteed by the lessee or by a third party unrelated to the lessor that is financially capable of discharging the obligations under the guarantee.

Unguaranteed residual value is that portion of the residual value of the leased asset, the realisation of which by the lessor is not assured or is guaranteed solely by a party related to the lessor.

Initial direct costs are incremental costs that are directly attributable to negotiating and arranging a lease, except for such costs incurred by manufacturer or dealer lessors.

Gross investment in the lease is the aggregate of:

(a) The minimum lease payments receivable by the lessor under a finance lease, and

(b) Any unguaranteed residual value accruing to the lessor.

Net investment in the lease is the gross investment in the lease discounted at the interest rate implicit in the lease.

Unearned finance income is the difference between:

(a) The gross investment in the lease, and

(b) The net investment in the lease.

The interest rate implicit in the lease is the discount rate that, at the inception of the lease, causes the aggregate present value of (a) the minimum lease payments and (b) the unguaranteed residual value to be equal to the sum of (i) the fair value of the leased asset and (ii) any initial direct costs of the lessor.

The lessees incremental borrowing rate of interest is the rate of interest the lessee would have to pay on a similar lease or, if that is not determinable, the rate that, at the inception of the lease, the lessee would incur to borrow over a similar term, and with a similar security, the funds necessary to purchase the asset.

Contingent rent is that portion of the lease payments that is not fixed in amount but is based on the future amount of a factor that changes other than with the passage of time (eg percentage of future sales, amount of future use, future price indices, and future market rates of interest).

A lease agreement or commitment may include a provision to adjust the lease payments for changes in the construction or acquisition cost of the leased property or for changes in some other measure of cost or value, such as general price levels, or in the lessors costs of financing the lease, during the period between the inception of the lease and the commencement of the lease term. If so, the effect of any such changes shall be deemed to have taken place at the inception of the lease for the purposes of this Standard.

The definition of a lease includes contracts for the hire of an asset that contain a provision giving the hirer an option to acquire title to the asset upon the fulfilment of agreed conditions. These contracts are sometimes known as hire purchase contracts.

Termination benefits Ind AS 19

Termination benefits arise when an employee is terminated by the employer or when an employee accepts the employer’s offer of benefits in exchange of termination of employment. This is different to post-employment benefits. Classic example of termination benefits is retrenchment compensation where the employee has no option to accept the termination. Voluntary Retirement Scheme is also an example of termination benefits where the employees are due a compensation and in return accept early retirement.

Termination Benefits are to be recognised on the earlier date of when the company can no longer withdraw the offer of the termination benefits, or when the company recognises costs for restructuring which involves the payment of termination benefits. For instance, a company may face debt restructuring and accordingly, several employees would have to be laid off, and the termination benefits would be recognised.

Termination benefits are employee benefits provided in exchange for the termination of an employee’s employment as a result of either:

  • An entity’s decision to terminate an employee’s employment before the normal retirement date; or
  • An employee’s decision to accept an offer of benefits in exchange for

An entity shall recognize a liability and expense for termination benefits at the earlier of the following dates: The termination of

  • When the entity can no longer withdraw the offer of those benefits; and
  • When the entity recognises costs for a restructuring that is within the scope of Ind AS 37 and involves the payment of termination benefits

It does not cover an employee’s voluntary termination or mandatory retirement. It is generally a lump sum payment and also includes:

  • Enhancement of post-employment benefits (through benefit plan).
  • Salary to be paid until the end of a specified notice period.

Recognition

An employer should recognize termination benefits as a liability and as an expense at the earlier of the following dates:

  • The employer can no longer withdraw the offer for those benefits. The employer recognizes restructuring cost per Ind AS 37 and involves payment of termination benefits

Measurement

Termination Benefits are measured based on the criteria considering if they are an enhancement to post-employment benefits. If they are an enhancement to post-employment benefits (for instance payable after retirement), then they are accounted as per Defined Contribution Plan or Defined Benefit Plan, as the case maybe. If they are not an enhancement to post-employment benefits, based on whether the termination benefits are expected to be settled within 12months they are accounted as either Short Term Employee Benefits (for cases when the settlement is within 12 months) or Other Long Term Employee Benefits (for other cases).

  • Measure the termination benefits on initial recognition and recognize subsequent changes with the nature of employee benefit.
  • Analyze if the benefits are an enhancement of post-employment benefits or short-term employee benefits or long-term employee benefits.
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