Tag: Business Ethics

Management Notes

Decision making as key Step in Planning

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Decision-making is one of the most crucial steps in the planning process. Effective decision-making helps managers choose the best course of action to achieve the organization’s goals. In the context of planning, decision-making involves selecting the most appropriate strategies, actions, and alternatives based on available information, analysis, and forecasts. This step serves as the foundation for developing and implementing a plan, ensuring that all activities and resources are aligned with the organization’s objectives. Below is an explanation of the significance of decision-making in the planning process and how it contributes to organizational success.

  • Establishing Objectives

The first step in planning is setting clear objectives, and decision-making plays a pivotal role in this process. Managers must make decisions about the goals the organization needs to achieve. These objectives must be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART). During this stage, managers evaluate the needs of the organization, market trends, and external factors to decide on the goals that align with the organization’s mission and vision. The decision about which objectives to prioritize influences the direction of the entire planning process.

  • Analyzing Alternatives

Once objectives are set, decision-making continues with the analysis of different alternatives and approaches. There are often several ways to achieve the same goal, and each approach may have different implications. Decision-makers assess the various alternatives by considering factors such as cost, time, resources, feasibility, and risks. They also take into account potential obstacles and challenges that may arise. The selection of the best alternative is crucial as it will guide the entire planning process and determine the actions required to accomplish the goals.

  • Allocating Resources

One of the critical decisions in planning is how to allocate resources, including human, financial, and physical assets. Decision-makers must assess the availability and requirements of resources for each task or objective. They need to decide which projects, activities, or departments will receive which resources. Effective allocation ensures that resources are used efficiently and effectively to achieve the desired outcomes. Poor decision-making at this stage can lead to resource wastage, project delays, or unmet goals.

  • Risk Assessment and Contingency Planning

Another important aspect of decision-making in planning is the assessment of risks. All plans are subject to some degree of uncertainty, and decision-makers must make informed choices about the potential risks and how to mitigate them. This includes deciding on the risks that are acceptable and those that require action. Managers often create contingency plans to address possible challenges and to ensure that the organization can adapt if unexpected situations arise. These decisions are critical for ensuring the continuity and resilience of the organization in the face of uncertainties.

  • Setting Timelines and Milestones

Decision-making in planning also involves determining the timelines for achieving objectives. Managers must decide on the duration of each task, the deadlines for milestones, and the overall time frame for completing the plan. Effective decision-making ensures that timelines are realistic, resources are appropriately allocated, and tasks are achievable within the specified period. Decisions about setting achievable deadlines are important for maintaining motivation, reducing stress, and keeping the plan on track.

  • Monitoring and Evaluation

Decision-making does not end once the plan is put into action. Managers must continuously make decisions regarding the monitoring and evaluation of the plan’s progress. They decide on the metrics to measure performance, establish control mechanisms, and assess whether the plan is on target. If the progress deviates from the plan, managers may decide to adjust strategies, reallocate resources, or make other changes to keep the plan aligned with the objectives.

  • Adapting to Change

In a dynamic business environment, decision-making in planning also includes the ability to adapt and adjust to changing circumstances. This requires managers to make ongoing decisions about modifying the plan based on new information, changing market conditions, or internal developments. The ability to adapt the plan ensures that the organization remains competitive and responsive to external factors.

Lucknow University BBA Notes

Research Methodology LU BBA NEP 7th Semester Notes

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Unit 1 {Book}
Introduction: Meaning of Research, Objectives of Research VIEW
Types of Research VIEW VIEW
Research Process VIEW
Research Problem formulation VIEW VIEW
Research Design VIEW VIEW
Features of a Good Research Design VIEW VIEW
Different Research Designs VIEW
Measurement in Research VIEW VIEW
Data types VIEW
Sources of Error VIEW VIEW
Unit 2 {Book}
Measurement and Scaling VIEW
Primary Level of Measurement: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio VIEW
Comparative and Non-competitive Scaling Techniques VIEW
Questionnaire Design VIEW
Sampling, Sampling Process VIEW
Sampling Techniques: Probability and Non-Probability Sampling VIEW
Sample Size Decision VIEW
Unit 3 {Book}
Data Collection: Primary & Secondary Data VIEW
Survey Method of Data Collection VIEW VIEW
Classification of Observation Method VIEW
VIEW VIEW
Fieldwork and Data Preparation VIEW VIEW
Hypothesis VIEW VIEW
Null Hypothesis & Alternative Hypothesis VIEW
VIEW VIEW
Type-I & Type-II Errors VIEW
Hypothesis Testing: VIEW
Z-Test VIEW
T-Test VIEW
ANOVA VIEW
Concepts of Multivariate Techniques VIEW
Unit 4 {Book}
Meaning, Types of Research Report VIEW
Layout of Research Report VIEW
Steps in Report Writing VIEW
Tabular & Graphical Presentation of Data VIEW VIEW
Citations, Bibliography and Annexure in Report VIEW VIEW
Avoid Plagiarism VIEW VIEW
Use of Statistical Software to Analysis the Data VIEW VIEW
Lucknow University BBA Notes

Service and Industrial Marketing LU BBA 7th Semester NEP Notes

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Unit 1 [Book]
Marketing of Services VIEW
Nature, scope, Conceptual framework and special Characteristics of Services VIEW
Classification of Services VIEW
Technological development in Services Marketing VIEW
Consumer Involvement in Services Processes VIEW
The Environment of Industrial Marketing VIEW
Industrial Marketing Perspective VIEW
Dimensions of Organizational Buying VIEW
Organizational Buying Behaviour VIEW
Access marketing opportunities VIEW
Industrial Marketing Planning VIEW

 

Unit 2 [Book]
Managing the Industrial Product Line VIEW
Industrial Marketing Channels, Channel Participation VIEW
Industrial Advertising VIEW
Industrial Sales Promotions VIEW
Managing the industrial Advertising effort, Supplementary promotion tools, personal selling VIEW
Models for industrial Sales force management VIEW

 

Unit 3 [Book]
Role of Marketing in Services organizations VIEW
Research Application for Services Marketing VIEW
Internal marketing concept in the area of services marketing VIEW
Targeting consumers VIEW VIEW
Creating Value in competitive markets VIEW
Positioning a Service in Market place VIEW
Managing Relationships and Building loyalties VIEW

 

Unit 4 [Book]
Marketing of Financial Services VIEW
Marketing of Educational and Consultancy Services VIEW
Marketing of Hospitality and Tourism Services VIEW
Marketing of Health and Insurance Services VIEW
Lucknow University BBA Notes

Insurance & Risk Management LU BBA 7th Semester NEP Notes

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Unit 1 [Book]

Concept of risk

 VIEW
Types of Risk VIEW
Risk vs. Uncertainty VIEW
Sources of risk and evaluation VIEW
Risk retention VIEW
Risk transfer VIEW
Risk management objectives VIEW
Tools & Techniques of Insurance VIEW
Concept and need for insurance VIEW VIEW
Functions of Insurance VIEW
Unit 2 Types of insurance [Book]
Health insurance VIEW VIEW
**Mediclaim VIEW
Automobile insurance VIEW VIEW
Nature of Insurance Contract VIEW VIEW
Features of Life and Non-life Insurance VIEW
Reinsurance VIEW
Coinsurance VIEW
Assignment VIEW
Endowment VIEW
Unit 3 [Book]
Control of Malpractices of insurance VIEW
Negligence Loss Assessment and Loss Control VIEW VIEW
Regulatory framework of insurance VIEW VIEW
Regulatory framework of Insurance Intermediaries VIEW
Role, Power of IRDA VIEW
Functions of IRDA VIEW
IRDA Act 1999 VIEW
Unit 4 [Book]
Commercial Risk Management applications: Property (Fire, earthquake, home owners, industrial all risk), Liability VIEW
Commercial Property Insurance VIEW
Different Policies and Contracts VIEW
Business Liability and Risk Management VIEW
Underwriting concept VIEW VIEW
Insurance Marketplace & Channels VIEW
Lucknow University BBA Notes

Retail & Rural Marketing LU BBA 7th Semester NEP Notes

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Unit 1 [Book]
Introduction Retailing VIEW VIEW
Characteristics of Retailing VIEW
Retailing mix VIEW
Sales forces, Economic forces, Technological force, Competitive forces VIEW
Structure and Different formats of Retailing VIEW
Formats of Retailing VIEW

 

Unit 2 [Book]
Merchandize planning VIEW VIEW
Stock turns VIEW
Retail Credit Management VIEW
Retail promotions, VIEW
Staying ahead of competition in Retail VIEW
Supply Chain Management VIEW VIEW
Warehousing VIEW
Warehousing Strategies VIEW
Warehousing Types VIEW
Role of IT in SCM VIEW
Franchising VIEW
Direct Marketing VIEW
Direct Marketing Components VIEW
Exclusive Shops, Destination Stores, Chain Stores VIEW
Discount Stores another current and emerging formats, Issues and options VIEW
Retail Equity VIEW
Technology in Retailing VIEW VIEW

 

Unit 3 [Book]
Conceptualization, Nature and Scope of Rural marketing VIEW
Growth Of Rural Markets And Opportunities VIEW
Rural Market Environment VIEW
Classification of rural markets VIEW
Characteristics of Rural consumers, Problems, Difficulties and Challenges in rural marketing VIEW

 

Unit 4 [Book]
Marketing of Agricultural produces, Regulated markets, Dairying VIEW
Marketing of Rural industrial products, Handicrafts, Crafts/ Artisans products VIEW
Cooperative Marketing VIEW
Marketing of FMCGs VIEW
Marketing of Consumer durables in rural area VIEW
Managing Rural marketing mix VIEW
Rural Marketing Strategies VIEW
Lucknow University BBA Notes

Banking Operations Management LU BBA 7th Semester NEP Notes

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Unit 1 [Book]
Indian Financial System VIEW
Banking System in India VIEW
Financial System Reforms in India VIEW
RBI Role and Function VIEW
Monetary Policy and Credit Control VIEW
Credit Control VIEW
Regulatory Environment for Commercial Bank in Indian Core Banking VIEW
Banking Regulation Act, 1949 VIEW
Digital Payment Service providers VIEW VIEW
Digital payment gateways VIEW

 

Unit 2 [Book]
Operational Aspects of Commercial Bank in India VIEW
Relationship between Banker and Customer VIEW
Types of Customer Account VIEW
Negotiable Instruments and their features VIEW
Negotiable Instruments features VIEW
Cheques, Crossing VIEW VIEW
Types of Cheque VIEW
Types of Endorsement VIEW
Presentment VIEW
Dishonor of Cheque VIEW
Time Value of Money VIEW
Present Value VIEW
Future Value VIEW
Loan Amortization VIEW

 

Unit 3 [Book]
Rights and liabilities of Paying and collecting Banker VIEW
Protection to Paying Banking, Statutory Protection VIEW
Payment in due course VIEW
Money paid by mistake VIEW
Duties of collecting Banker VIEW VIEW

 

Unit 4 [Book]
Principles of bank lending VIEW VIEW
Methods of granting advances: VIEW
Cash Credit VIEW
Overdrafts VIEW VIEW
Bill Discounting And Purchasing VIEW
Letter Of Credit VIEW VIEW
Loans VIEW
Forms of securities: Lien, pledge, mortgage, hypothecation VIEW
Guarantees, Kinds of Guarantees VIEW
contract of guarantee and indemnity VIEW VIEW
Employment of Funds by Commercial Banks Financial Statement Analysis VIEW
Types of Securities in Banks VIEW
Mode of Creating Charge VIEW
Bank Guarantees VIEW
Asset Liability Management in Commercial Banks VIEW
Basel Norms VIEW
Lucknow University BBA Notes

Business Analytics LU BBA 7th Semester NEP Notes

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Unit 1 [Book]
Overview of Business Research VIEW
Role of Statistical Packages in Research VIEW
Reliability and Validity of data VIEW
Basic Operation of SPSS: Data Import, Data entry, Handling Missing Values VIEW
Data Transformation and Manipulation VIEW
Data sorting and editing VIEW
Exploratory Data Analysis VIEW
Tabulation of data VIEW
Frequency table VIEW
Descriptive Statistics VIEW
Graph and Plot formulation VIEW

 

Unit 2 [Book]
Basic Module using SPSS VIEW
Cross-tabulation VIEW
Bivariate Correlation VIEW
Simple linear Regression VIEW VIEW
Multiple Regression Analysis VIEW

 

Unit 3 [Book]
Hypothesis: P value concept VIEW
Hypothesis Formation VIEW
Hypothesis Test VIEW
Z-test VIEW
t-test VIEW
ANOVA VIEW
Chi Square Test VIEW
Non parametric testing VIEW
Analyzing Categorical data VIEW

 

Unit 4 [Book]
Multivariate Analysis: VIEW
Logistic Regression VIEW
Factor Analysis VIEW
Discernment analysis VIEW
Cluster Analysis VIEW
Conjoint Analysis VIEW
Analysis of Covariance VIEW
MANOVA VIEW
Lucknow University BBA Notes

Project Management LU BBA 7th Semester NEP Notes

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Unit 1 [Book]
Project Management, Scope of Project Management VIEW
Definitions and Characteristics of Project VIEW
Types of Projects VIEW
Project Life Cycle VIEW
Project Management Process: Introduction, Tools & Techniques of Project Management VIEW
Generation & Screening of project idea VIEW
Entrepreneurial Skills VIEW
Market & Demand analysis VIEW
Collection of Primary & Secondary information VIEW
Demand forecasting VIEW
Market Planning VIEW

 

Unit 2 [Book]
Technical Analysis, Manufacturing process / Technology VIEW
Material inputs & Utilities VIEW
Product Mix VIEW
Plant Capacity VIEW
Plant & Site Location VIEW
Machinery & Equipment VIEW
Structures & Civil work VIEW
Environmental Aspects VIEW
Project Charts & Layouts VIEW
Project Time Lines VIEW

 

Unit 3 [Book]
Project appraisal: VIEW
Cost benefit analysis (Cash flow projections) VIEW
Project Financial evaluation: VIEW
Capital Budgeting Techniques: Discounted and Non-discounted VIEW
Project rating index VIEW
Critical examination of evaluation techniques VIEW
Economic, Commercial, Social cost benefit analysis in public and private sectors VIEW
Investment criteria and Choice of technique VIEW
Treatment of Risk and Uncertainty types VIEW
Risk Measuring Techniques VIEW
Risk Sensitivity analysis VIEW
Probability approach single as well multiple projects VIEW
Allocation of limited capital VIEW
Extra Topic
Cost of projects VIEW
Means of financing VIEW
Estimates of Sales & Production VIEW
Cost of Production VIEW
Working Capital Requirement & Financing VIEW
Projected income statement VIEW
Consideration of alternative sources of finance VIEW

 

Unit 4 [Book]
Project Implementation VIEW
Forms of project organization VIEW
Project control & Control charts VIEW
Human aspects of project Management VIEW
Prerequisites for a Successful project implementation VIEW
Introduction to project network & Determination of critical path VIEW
Preparation of comprehensive project report VIEW
Project Termination Types and process VIEW
Lucknow University BBA Notes

Decision Sciences LU BBA 7th Semester NEP Notes

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Unit 1 [Book]
Introduction, Advent & Scope of Operations Research VIEW
Operations Research Techniques their fields of specialized applications along with an overview of Different Techniques VIEW
Linear Programming: Introduction, Formulation VIEW
Graphical Method VIEW
Simplex Method VIEW

 

Unit 2 [Book]
Game theory Introduction, definitions VIEW
Two-person Zero Sum Game pay off matrix VIEW
Pure Strategies VIEW
Games with Saddle point VIEW
The Rule of Dominance VIEW
Mixed strategies VIEW
Games without saddle point VIEW

 

Unit 3 [Book]
Transportation problem: Methods for finding initial solution VIEW
North West Corner Method VIEW
Least Cost Method VIEW
Vogel’s Approximation Method VIEW
Optimality Test VIEW
Stepping Stone method VIEW
Modified distribution method (MODI) VIEW

 

Unit 4 [Book]
Introduction & Mathematical Models for Assignment VIEW
Hungarian method of assignment problem VIEW
Special Cases in Assignment Problems:
Maximization case in assignment problem and prohibited assignment VIEW
Unbalanced assignment problem VIEW
Lucknow University BBA Notes

Entrepreneurship and Family Business-II LU BBA 6th Semester NEP Notes

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Unit 1 [Book]
Understanding Women Entrepreneurship: Concept, Evaluation, Importance and Functions of women entrepreneurship VIEW
Topologies and categories of women entrepreneur VIEW
Entrepreneurship as a Career Option VIEW
Entrepreneurial Leadership VIEW
Types of New Ventures VIEW
Tax implications of various forms of Ventures VIEW
Procedures for Setting up a Business in India VIEW
Creativity and Innovation VIEW VIEW
Bottlenecks to Creativity and innovation VIEW
Disruptive Technology and Generating commercial value from Innovation VIEW
Unit 2 [Book]
Entrepreneurship and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR): VIEW
Patents VIEW VIEW
Trademarks VIEW VIEW
Copyrights VIEW VIEW
Business Plan: Purpose and Contents of a Business Plan VIEW
VIEW
Marketing Plan: VIEW
Need for Marketing Research VIEW VIEW
Industry Analysis VIEW
Competitor Analysis VIEW VIEW
Market Segmentation VIEW VIEW
Target Markets VIEW VIEW
Market Positioning VIEW VIEW
Marketing Mix VIEW VIEW
Marketing Plan VIEW
Market Strategy VIEW
Unit 3 [Book]
Family genogram, Developing Business family genogram VIEW
Using the genogram to identify family scripts and themes VIEW
Circumplex Model of Marriage and Family Systems (understanding Family Cohesion and Family Flexibility) VIEW
Application of Circumplex Model VIEW
Clinical Rating Scale and Developing Circumplex Model VIEW
Unit 4 [Book]
Vrie’s Five Critical phases of Change (Concern, Crisis, Confrontation, Crystallization and Change) VIEW
A model of individual change VIEW
The Process of Change within Family Enterprises VIEW
Understanding the change process in families VIEW
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