Tag: Employee Retention

The primary purpose of talent management is to create a motivated workforce who will stay with your company in the long run. The exact way to achieve this will differ from company to company.

A multi-year, collaborative research study set out to examine the steps global companies can take to ensure that they recruit, develop and deploy the right people.  Researchers from institutions including INSEAD, Cornell, and Cambridge University came together and analysed companies that were selected based on superior business performance and reputation.

They found that in addition to adhering to a common set of talent management principles, leading companies follow many of the same talent-related practices. During their study, they asked interviewees why they thought their company’s individual practices were effective and valuable. As a result of their responses, the authors formulated six core principles.

Adopting a set of principles rather than best practices is more effective at challenging current thinking. Moreover, best practices are only ‘best’ in the context for which they were designed; principles, on the other hand, have broad application.

Principles

• Alignment with strategy: managers should ask themselves, given the company’s strategy, what kind of talent do we need? Strategic flexibility is important, and organizations must be able to adapt to changing business conditions and revamp their talent approach when necessary. Examples of companies that have done so include; GE and Oracle.
• Internal consistency: implementing practices in isolation may not work and can actually be counter productive. The principle of internal consistency refers to the way the company’s talent management practices fit with each other. Consistency is crucial. The emphasis placed on consistency at companies such as BAE Systems and IBM can help to illustrate why that is paramount.
• Cultural embeddedness: many successful companies make deliberate efforts to integrate their stated core values and business principles into talent management processes such as hiring methods, leadership development activities, performance management systems, and compensation and benefits programs. IKEA, the Sweden-based furniture retailer, for example, where applicants are selected using tools that focus on values and cultural fit. Another approach to promoting the organization’s core values and behavioural standards can through secondary socialization and training.
• Management involvement: successful companies know that the talent management process needs to have broad ownership, not just by HR, but by managers at all levels, including the CEO. Senior leaders need to be actively involved in the talent management process and make recruitment, succession planning, leadership development and retention of key employees their top priorities. One of the most potent tools companies can use to develop leaders is to involve line managers. It means getting them to play a key role in the recruitment of talent and then making them accountable for developing the skills and knowledge of their employees. The research cites the example of Unilever to demonstrate how this can be done.
• Balance of global and local needs: for organizations operating in multiple countries, cultures and institutional environments, managers need to figure out how to respond to local demands while maintaining a coherent HR strategy and management approach. The research found different methods of doing this, giving examples of Matsushita, Rolls Royce, Shell and others. However, among all the companies they studied, there was no single strategy.
• Employer branding through differentiation: companies should find ways to differentiate themselves from their competitors, in order to attract employees with the right skills and attitudes. The companies studied differed considerably in how they resolve the tension between maintaining a consistent brand identity across business units and regions and responding to local demands. One-way companies are trying to get an edge on competitors in attracting talent is by stressing their corporate social responsibility activities.

The differentiated approach. Although the practice of sorting employees based on their performance and potential has generated criticism, many companies in our study placed heavy emphasis on high-potential employees. Companies favoring this approach focused most of the rewards, incentives and attention on their top talent (“A players”); gave less recog­nition, financial rewards and development attention to the bulk of the other employ­ees (“B players”); and worked aggressively to weed out employees who didn’t meet performance expectations and were deemed to have little potential (“C players”). This approach has been popularized by General Electric’s “vitality curve,” which differentiates between the top 20%, the middle 70% and the bottom 10%. The actual definition of “high potential” tends to vary from company to company, but many factor in the employee’s cultural fit and values. Novartis, the Swiss pharmaceutical company, for example, looks at whether someone displays the key values and behaviors the company wants in its future leaders.

The percentage of employees included in the high-potential group also differs across companies. For example, Unilever, the Anglo-Dutch consumer products company, puts 15% of employees from each management level in its high-potential category each year, expecting that they will move to the next management level within five years. Other companies are more selective. Infosys, a global technology services company headquartered in Bangalore, India, limits the high-potential pool to less than 3% of the total work force in an effort to manage expectations and limit potential frustration, productivity loss and harmful attrition.

The inclusive approach. Some companies prefer a more inclusive approach and attempt to address the needs of employees at all levels of the organi­zation. For example, when asked how Shell defined talent, Shell’s new head of talent management replied, Under an inclusive approach, talent management tactics used for different groups are based on an assessment of how best to leverage the value that each group of employees can bring to the company.

The two philosophies of talent management are not mutually exclusive; many of the companies we studied use a combination of both. Depending on the specific talent pool (such as senior executive, technical expert and early career high-potential), there will usually be different career paths and development strategies. A hybrid approach allows for differentiation, and it skirts the controversial issue of whether some employee groups are intrinsically more valuable than others.

Talent Management initiatives

• Recognition: Recognising employees’ contribution and their work on individual grounds, boost up self-confidence in them.
• Remuneration and Reward: Increasing pay and remuneration of the employees as a reward for their better performance.
• Providing Opportunities: Giving the charge of challenging projects to the employees along with the authority and responsibility of the same, makes them more confident.
• Role Design: The role of employees in the organisation must be designed to keep them occupied and committed, it must be flexible enough to inculcate and adapt to the employee’s talent and knowledge.
• Job Rotation: Employees lack enthusiasm if they perform the same kind of work daily. Thus, job rotation or temporary shifting of employees from one job to another within the organisation is essential to keep them engaged and motivated.
• Training and Development: On the job training, e-learning programmes, work-related tutorials, educational courses, internship, etc. are essential to enhance the competencies, skills and knowledge of the employees.
• Succession Planning: Internal promotions helps identify and develop an individual who can be the successor to senior positions in the organisation.
• Flexibility: Providing a flexible work environment to the employees makes them more adaptable to the organisation and brings out their creativity.
• Relationship Management: Maintaining a positive workplace where employees are free to express their ideas, take part in the decision-making process, encourage employees to achieve goals and are rewarded for better performance leads to employee retention.
• Self-motivation: Nothing can be effective if the employee is not self-determined and motivated to work.

Talent Management is a strategic approach to attracting, developing, retaining, and utilizing the best talent within an organization to achieve its objectives. It involves identifying high-potential individuals, nurturing their skills, and providing opportunities for growth to maximize their contributions.

Key components of talent management include recruitment, onboarding, performance management, learning and development, succession planning, and employee engagement. By aligning talent strategies with organizational goals, businesses can build a competitive edge, foster innovation, and enhance overall productivity.

Effective talent management ensures that employees feel valued and supported, which improves retention rates and cultivates a motivated workforce. It is an ongoing process that adapts to changing organizational needs and market dynamics, making it a critical factor for sustainable growth and long-term success in today’s competitive business environment.

Principles of Talent Management:

• Alignment with Organizational Goals

Talent Management strategies must align with the organization’s vision, mission, and long-term objectives. This alignment ensures that talent acquisition, development, and retention efforts directly contribute to achieving business outcomes and fostering a culture that supports organizational values.

• Focus on Talent as a Critical Asset

Employees are the most valuable resource of any organization. Talent Management emphasizes treating employees as critical assets, investing in their skills, and creating opportunities for growth. Recognizing and nurturing talent ensures a workforce capable of meeting current and future challenges.

• Proactive Recruitment and Retention

Effective Talent Management involves proactive efforts to attract top talent and retain high-performing employees. It includes creating an attractive employer brand, offering competitive compensation, and building a supportive work environment. Proactive retention strategies, such as career development opportunities and regular engagement initiatives, help reduce turnover.

• Employee Development and Growth

A key principle of Talent Management is fostering continuous learning and professional development. Organizations should provide employees with training programs, mentorship opportunities, and resources to enhance their skills and advance their careers. This not only benefits employees but also strengthens the organization’s overall capabilities.

• Data-Driven Decision Making

Talent Management relies on data analytics to identify workforce trends, measure performance, and predict future needs. By leveraging tools like performance reviews, employee feedback, and workforce analytics, organizations can make informed decisions about hiring, promotions, and training investments.

• Diversity and Inclusion

Diversity and inclusion are integral to Talent Management. Organizations should strive to create an inclusive workplace that values diverse perspectives and ensures equal opportunities for all employees. This fosters innovation and broadens the organization’s problem-solving capabilities.

• Succession Planning

Talent Management emphasizes preparing for future leadership needs through succession planning. By identifying and grooming high-potential employees for critical roles, organizations ensure continuity and reduce the risks associated with leadership transitions.

• Employee Engagement and Well-Being

Engaged employees are more productive and committed to their organizations. Talent Management involves creating a positive work environment that prioritizes employee well-being, fosters strong relationships, and recognizes contributions.

• Flexibility and Adaptability

Talent Management must be dynamic and responsive to changing market trends, workforce demographics, and organizational priorities. A flexible approach allows organizations to adapt their strategies to evolving needs and remain competitive.

Process of Talent Management:

Talent Management process is a strategic approach to attracting, developing, and retaining the best talent to meet organizational goals. It encompasses a series of interconnected steps, each contributing to building a skilled and engaged workforce.

1. Workforce Planning

The process begins with understanding the organization’s current and future talent needs. Workforce planning involves analyzing the workforce’s composition, identifying skill gaps, and forecasting future requirements based on business objectives and market trends.

2. Talent Acquisition

This stage involves attracting and recruiting the right talent. It includes crafting job descriptions, sourcing candidates through various channels, conducting interviews, and selecting individuals whose skills and values align with the organization’s needs. Building a strong employer brand is crucial to attracting top talent.

3. Onboarding

Once candidates are hired, a structured onboarding process ensures they are integrated smoothly into the organization. This includes introducing them to company culture, setting clear expectations, and providing the necessary tools and training to perform effectively. A strong onboarding process enhances employee retention and engagement.

4. Performance Management

Performance management focuses on monitoring and evaluating employee performance to ensure alignment with organizational goals. It includes setting clear objectives, providing regular feedback, and conducting periodic performance reviews. Effective performance management helps identify areas for improvement and recognize high performers.

5. Learning and Development

Developing employees’ skills is a core component of Talent Management. Organizations provide training programs, workshops, and mentorship opportunities to enhance technical, leadership, and interpersonal skills. Continuous learning fosters employee growth and prepares them for future challenges.

6. Career Development and Succession Planning

Employees seek career growth, and organizations must support their aspirations. This stage involves creating personalized development plans and identifying high-potential employees for leadership roles. Succession planning ensures continuity and minimizes disruptions during leadership transitions.

7. Employee Engagement and Retention

Employee engagement strategies focus on creating a positive work environment, fostering open communication, and recognizing contributions. Retention efforts include offering competitive benefits, promoting work-life balance, and ensuring job satisfaction.

8. Exit Management

When employees leave the organization, exit management ensures a smooth transition. Conducting exit interviews provides insights into areas for improvement, and maintaining relationships with former employees helps build a strong alumni network.

Training development is a five-step process in which company train their employees in specific skills and further monitor their performance constantly to help them develop overall personality.

The training and development activity starts with a question about why the training is required. While end with the evaluation of output of training and development program.

Training needs of an organization are identified by any of the following analysis.

• Organizational analysis: It is basically a systematic study of the organization’s objectives, resources, resource allocation and utilization, growth potential and its environment. Its purpose is to determine where the emphasis for training is to be placed in the organization so that effectiveness of the organization increases.
• Task analysis: In task analysis the main focus is on the job. It requires the study of various types of skills and training required to perform the job effectively. It is systematic analysis of jobs to identify job contents, knowledge, skills and aptitudes needed to perform the job. The important aspects are the tasks to be performed, the methods to be used, the way the employees learn these methods as well as the performance standards required from the employees.
• Manpower analysis: Both the internal and external environments influence the quality of manpower needed by an organization. The quality of manpower also depends upon the social, economical, political and technological environments in which the organization operates. The manpower analysis is done taking into considerations these factors to determine the quality of manpower needed. Specific training needs for the manpower are determined for meeting the quality standards needed as per the manpower analysis. These needs include (i) specific areas where employees need training, (ii) the capability of present employees to learn new skills and behaviour, (iii) the time frame for imparting training, and (iv) designing and redesigning of jobs with introduction of new work methods and technologies.

Steps involved in Training and Development Process

1. Need of training and development
2. Goals and Objectives
3. Method of Training
4. Implementation of program
5. Evaluation and constant monitoring

Step I: Need of Training and Development program

Companies often take a decision to roll out a training and development program after identifying a specific need in the organization. The need could be introduction of new skill or to update the existing skills of the employee. In the case of employees working on higher level the training and development program is introduced to improve the behavior skills and ensure team work in the organization.

Step II: Goals and Objectives of Training and Development

Here are different goals and objectives the companies can set before implementation of training and development program:

• To impart skills: Under this objective the employees are trained to operate the equipment and machinery correctly. The goals are set to improve work efficiency and to reduce wastage of time.
• To Educate: The objective is linked with providing information about theoretical concepts and provides hands-on experience of the task. The goal is to improve reasoning power and judgment skills of employees.
• To Enhance Knowledge: The objective here is to improve behavioral knowledge of the employee. The goal is to enhance understanding of human relations, management and business environment among employees.
• Ethics: The objective is to provide knowledge about ethical conduct in the organization. The goal is to regulate the conduct of the employee in the organization.
• Change in attitude: The objective of the training is to change the attitude of the employees in terms outlook, reaction, feelings and work beliefs. The goal is to improve commitment and satisfaction of the employee by providing required motivation. 
• Extraordinary Skills: To impart extraordinary skills such as critical decision making, problem-solving and industrial research. The goal is make employee ready to face future challenges.
• Literacy: Objective is to improve corporate language proficiency and increase awareness about corporate culture. The goal is to make sure employees are able to handle the international clients and customer in a decent way.

Step III: Training Methods

There exist different types of training methods used by the organization based on the goals and objectives of the training and development program. Here are few commonly used training methods in corporate world:

• Orientations: It is generally used to introduce the newly joined employee to the organizational work culture. It includes few lecture sessions, meetings with supervisor and information regarding the history of the organization. This training is used to make sure the newcomer feels welcomed in the organization and become aware about their work profile, goals and objectives of organization, policies as well as rules and regulations to be followed.
• Lectures: This is a one-way communication method, mostly used when important information has to be conveyed to large number of employees. The information can be related to new updates in policies or any change management action in the organization.
• Case Study: Here the participants are given a situation in terms of case study and they have to provide solutions on the stated problem in the provided case. It is a best way to impart decision making skill and sharpen the judgment skills of the employee.
• Role Playing: A scenario is created and each participant is assigned a particular role to play out. The participant can practice their actual job work using role play method. The facilitator provides immediate feedback to the participant which helps them to improve their performance. These kinds of scenario are very effective while providing marketing and management training.
• Simulations: It can be used as a kind of games created from real-life scenarios. The benefits of this simulations is that employee gets better understanding of whole organizational structure and can study actual day-to-day problems to get a relevant solutions on it.
• Computer-Based Training: The employees are provided study material and instruction on the computer. It allows employees to learn on their own pace and time.
• Self-Instruction: Individualized instruction, programmed learning, personalized systems of instruction, correspondence study and learner-controlled instruction are different types of self-instruction training. Here employees are responsible for their own learning.
• Audiovisual Training: In this type of training films, television and videotapes are used to expose employees to the real-life situation. The presentation includes the situation and how the problem stated in the situation is resolved. It helps employee to gain knowledge about diverse corporate situations and provide them an appropriate direction to take decisions.
• Team-Building Exercises: The training is associated with the human behavior. It includes activities which can improve group dynamics and worker-management relations. It can be in the form of outdoor exercise or brainstorming sessions in the office.
• Apprenticeships and Internships: It is a kind of on-the-job training in which the newly joined employee works with experienced employee and learns work related skills while performing the actual job.
• Job Rotation:  In order to enhance the understanding about the whole organization and to add skills the job rotation method of training is used. Here employees do different types of job on rotational basis and gain knowledge of different work profile.

Step IV: Implementation of program

The management and HRM department takes a meeting with different supervisors to decide the time period of implementation of the training and development program. The implementation of orientation programs and other newcomer training programs is carried out right after joining of the employee. The specific skills training programs are launched based on the workload and free time span available to the employee. The on-the-job training program is an ongoing process and employees should be informed about it in advance.

Step V: Evaluation and constant monitoring

The evaluation of training and development program is generally carried out at the time of performance appraisal. The changes in performance and attitude are noted based on the performance review. The increase in productivity and accuracy of work indicates the success of training and development program. Improved work harmony and organizational citizenship behavior indicates the well being created by development programs. The constant monitoring of the behavior of the employee is achieved based on the monthly goal attainment and team work of the employee. Additional training programs are launched in the case of absence of any positive results in terms of improved employee performance.

Employee orientation is the procedure by which new employees learn important organizational process, qualities and standards, set up working relationship and figure out how to work inside their employments. Skills and technical training programs are organized to teach the new employee a particular skill or area of knowledge.

One of the main objectives of training is to provide learning in order to improve the performance on the present job i.e. how skillfully the individual handles the job and the level of outcomes/ result achieved.

There are various steps in training and development in order to be effective and bring about the desired results in terms of enhanced knowledge, skills and attitude. 

Training Needs Assessment

Identification of the training needs of the target group which is to be exposed to training can be done in 2 ways:

• Training needs assessment at organization level
• Training needs assessment at individual or employee level.
• Training need assessment at department / functional level

Once the target group is identified, analysis the gap which needs to be bridged through training. Develop specific training objectives and targets for bringing about measurable improvement in their performance levels and enhancement in job related knowledge

Program design

• Develop the program contents, training methods to be used, the speakers / faculty/ subject experts to be involved, the mode of instruments to be used, training aids to make the training program more result oriented.
• Identify all training aids which are required for the desired training technique
• Prepare the background material like write up on case, role play, incident method. Also ensure that qualitatively and quantitatively the background reading material meets the norms of delivery of the training objective

Critical preview of program

Administration and detailed physical fragments

Validation

Introduce and validate training before a representative audience. Pilot test all training aids, equipment etc to ensure perfect delivery on the D day

Program implement action

Conduct the program as planned, which each activity going as per schedule

Evaluation and Follow Up

Assess program success according to:

• Reaction: Notify the document the learner’s immediate reaction to the training
• Learning: use feedback devices or pre and post tests to measure what learners have actually learnt
• Behavior: in consultation with the supervisor, observe the behavioural changes in the training. This is one way to measure the degree to which learners may apply new skills and knowledge to their jobs.

Career Management refers to the structured process through which individuals plan, develop, and manage their professional growth over time. It involves identifying career goals, assessing current skills and competencies, and creating strategies to achieve long-term aspirations. Organizations also play a crucial role in career management by providing employees with development opportunities, such as training, mentoring, and performance appraisals. Effective career management helps individuals align their personal ambitions with organizational objectives, leading to increased job satisfaction, employee engagement, and retention. It fosters continuous learning, adaptability, and upward mobility, which are essential in today’s dynamic work environment.

Factors of Career Management:

• Self-Assessment

Effective career management begins with self-assessment. Individuals must evaluate their strengths, weaknesses, skills, interests, and values. By understanding their preferences and areas for improvement, employees can set realistic career goals and make informed decisions about career paths. Tools like personality tests and career counseling aid in this process.

• Goal Setting

Clear career goals are essential for successful career management. Setting short-term and long-term objectives provides direction and helps individuals measure progress. These goals should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART). Without well-defined goals, career growth becomes uncertain and haphazard.

• Skill Development

Continuous skill enhancement is a key factor in career progression. As industries evolve, employees need to acquire new technical and soft skills to stay competitive. Organizations offering training and development programs can help individuals bridge skill gaps, boosting their confidence and career advancement potential.

• Networking

Building professional networks is crucial for career success. Networking allows individuals to learn from peers, gain insights into industry trends, and explore new job opportunities. Strong professional relationships can open doors to mentorship, collaboration, and career advancement.

• Mentoring and Coaching

Mentorship and coaching play a significant role in career development. A mentor provides guidance, shares experiences, and helps individuals navigate challenges. Coaching, often offered by managers or HR professionals, focuses on skill development and performance improvement.

• Organizational Support

Organizations influence career management by creating a supportive work environment. Career development initiatives, such as training, internal mobility, performance appraisals, and succession planning, encourage employees to grow within the organization. Companies that invest in career management enhance employee retention and satisfaction.

• Work-Life Balance

Maintaining a healthy work-life balance is essential for long-term career success. Individuals who manage stress effectively and prioritize personal well-being are more likely to sustain their performance over time. Organizations that promote flexible work arrangements help employees achieve this balance.

• Feedback and Performance Evaluation

Regular feedback and performance evaluations help individuals track their progress, understand areas of improvement, and stay aligned with their career goals. Constructive feedback encourages self-improvement and keeps employees motivated to achieve higher levels of performance.

Importance of Career Management:

• Enhances Career Clarity and Focus

Career management helps individuals gain clarity about their career aspirations and set specific goals. By evaluating their skills, interests, and values, employees can focus on career paths that align with their long-term ambitions. This clarity reduces career-related anxiety and improves decision-making.

• Boosts Skill Development

An effective career management process encourages continuous learning and skill enhancement. It motivates employees to develop both technical and soft skills, making them more adaptable to changing work environments. Regular upskilling ensures they remain competitive in the job market.

• Improves Job Satisfaction

When employees have a clear career plan and feel supported in their development, they are more likely to experience job satisfaction. Career management helps individuals pursue roles that match their interests and strengths, leading to increased engagement and fulfillment at work.

• Facilitates Career Advancement

Career management provides individuals with the tools and strategies needed for upward mobility. By setting realistic goals, identifying opportunities for growth, and seeking feedback, employees can advance in their careers more effectively. Organizations that foster career advancement retain top talent.

• Enhances Employee Retention

For organizations, career management is crucial for retaining employees. When employees feel that their career development is valued, they are less likely to seek external opportunities. This reduces turnover costs and helps maintain a stable, experienced workforce.

• Promotes Work-Life Balance

Career management encourages individuals to prioritize personal well-being along with professional goals. It helps employees set boundaries, manage stress, and achieve a healthy work-life balance. A balanced lifestyle leads to sustained productivity and long-term success.

• Increases Organizational Productivity

Organizations benefit from career management through improved employee performance. A motivated and well-trained workforce contributes to higher productivity, innovation, and better overall results. Career management aligns employees’ goals with organizational objectives, ensuring collective success.

• Builds Future Leaders

Career management identifies and develops future leaders. Through mentoring, coaching, and leadership development programs, organizations can groom high-potential employees for senior roles. This ensures a strong leadership pipeline for the future.

Process of Career Management:

Career management is a dynamic process that involves a series of steps aimed at helping individuals plan and achieve their professional goals. It requires self-reflection, goal setting, skill development, and continuous evaluation to ensure long-term success.

• Self-Assessment

The first step in career management is self-assessment, where individuals evaluate their interests, values, skills, and personality traits. This helps them understand what motivates them, their strengths, and the areas they need to improve. Tools like SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats), personality assessments, and career counseling can aid in this process.

• Career Exploration

After self-assessment, individuals explore various career options that match their skills, interests, and values. This stage involves gathering information about different industries, roles, and potential career paths. Job shadowing, informational interviews, and online research are effective ways to explore career opportunities.

• Goal Setting

Once individuals have a clear understanding of their potential career options, they set specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) career goals. These goals can be both short-term (e.g., improving a particular skill) and long-term (e.g., achieving a leadership position in a specific field).

• Skill Development

Career advancement requires continuous skill enhancement. Based on their career goals, individuals identify the skills they need to acquire or improve. Skill development can involve formal education, professional certifications, on-the-job training, mentoring, or online courses. Organizations play a crucial role in this stage by offering learning and development opportunities.

• Career Strategy Formulation

In this step, individuals create a strategic plan for achieving their career goals. This includes identifying action steps, setting deadlines, and determining the resources required. A career strategy also involves networking, gaining relevant experience, and seeking mentorship to enhance career prospects.

• Implementation

The next step is to put the career strategy into action. This involves actively seeking opportunities, applying for relevant roles, attending training programs, and building professional networks. Regular monitoring of progress ensures that individuals remain on track toward their goals.

• Feedback and Evaluation

Career management is an ongoing process that requires regular feedback and evaluation. Individuals should periodically review their progress, reassess their goals, and make adjustments as needed. Performance appraisals, peer feedback, and self-reflection are essential tools for evaluation.

• Career Progression and Re-assessment

As individuals achieve their career goals, they often set new ones. Career management is not a one-time activity but a lifelong process. With changing personal aspirations and market dynamics, individuals must continuously reassess their career plans and adapt accordingly.

Training and Development is one of the main functions of the human resource management department. Training refers to a systematic setup where employees are instructed and taught matters of technical knowledge related to their jobs. It focuses on teaching employees how to use particular machines or how to do specific tasks to increase efficiency.

“Management” is the area occupied between “leadership” and the “rank-and-file” employees.

Managers may receive inspiration and direction from leaders. Yet managers are charged with the application of aspirational and strategic principles to the day-to-day process of getting the job done, done right and done efficiently. Managers’ critical function is to translate leadership and shareholder objectives (or create them on their own when they do not come from above) into legal and effective actions to achieve those objectives. In doing so, managers act as facilitators and problem-solvers.

Management development is the systematic process of creating effective managers. It is simultaneously rigorous, academic and practical. An organization’s approach to management development should include a variety of techniques to constantly build on a manager’s existing KSAs. Examples of major areas in which managers should be competent are:

• Recognizing and accepting people’s individual behavioral differences.
• Verbal and nonverbal communication.
• Conflict management.

Different training is given to employees at different levels. The following training methods are used For the training of skilled workers and operators-  Specific job training programmes, Technical training at a training with live demos, Internship training, Training via the process of rotation of job.

Training given to people in a supervisory or managerial capacity is – Lectures, Group Discussions, Case studies, Role-playing, Conferences etc.

People in managerial programmes are given this type of training- Management Games to develop decision making, Programmes to identify potential executives, Sensitivity training to understand and influence employee behaviour, Simulation and role-playing, Programmes for improving communication, human relations and managerial skills.

Training Programmes

Technical Training: Technical training is that type of training that is aimed at teaching employees how a particular technology or a machine.

Quality Training: Quality training is usually performed in companies who physically produce a product. Quality training teaches employees to identify faulty products and only allow perfect products to go out to the markets.

Skills Training: Skills training refers to training given to employees so as to perform their particular jobs. For e.g. A receptionist would be specifically taught to answer calls and handle the answering machine.

Soft Skills: Soft skills training includes personality development, being welcoming and friendly to clients, building rapport, training on sexual harassment etc.

Professional Training: Professional Training is done for jobs that have constantly changing and evolving work like the field of medicine and research. People working in these sectors have to be regularly updated on matters of the industry.

Team Training: Team training establishes a level of trust and synchronicity between team members for increased efficiency.

Factors that contribute to the increased need to training and development in organisations:

• Change: The word change encapsulates almost everything. It is one of the biggest factors that contribute to the need of training and development. There is in fact a direct relationship between the two. Change leads to the need for training and development and training and development leads to individual and organisational change, and the cycle goes on and on. More specifically it is the technology that is driving the need; changing the way how businesses function, compete and deliver.
• Development: It is again one the strong reasons for training and development becoming all the more important. Money is not the sole motivator at work and this is especially very true for the 21st century. People who work with organisations seek more than just employment out of their work; they look at holistic development of self. Spirituality and self awareness for example are gaining momentum world over. People seek happiness at jobs which may not be possible unless an individual is aware of the self. At ford, for example, an individual can enrol himself / herself in a course on ‘self awareness’, which apparently seems inconsequential to ones performance at work but contributes to the spiritual well being of an individual which is all the more important.

Benefits of Development

• Ensures that the employees utilise their managerial and leadership skills in particular to the fullest.
• Exposes executives to the latest techniques and trends in their professional fields.
• Helps in the long-term growth and survival of the company.
• Creates an effective team of managers who can handle the company issues without fail.
• Ensures that the company has an adequate number of managers with knowledge and skill at any given point.

Benefits of Training

• Improves job satisfaction and thus boosts morale.
• It improves upon the time and money required to reach the company’s goals. For e.g. Trained salesmen achieve and exceed their targets faster than inexperienced and untrained salesmen.
• Training helps to identify the highly skilled and talented employees and the company can give them jobs of higher responsibilities.
• Training improves the quantity and quality of the workforce. It increases the skills and knowledge base of the employees.
• Trained employees are highly efficient in comparison to untrained ones.
• Reduces the need to constantly supervise and overlook the employees.

Human resource planning is used by organisations to ensure that they have the right number and the right kind of people at the right place and at the right time. Where this process is carried out properly, it brings maximum long-run benefits to both the organisation and the individual employee.

Human Resource Planning is the planning of Human Resources. It is also called manpower planning/ personnel planning/ employment planning. It is only after Human Resource Planning that the Human Resource department can initiate the recruitment and selection process. Therefore, Human Resource Planning is a sub-system of organisational planning.

Definitions “Human Resource Planning is a strategy for the acquisition, utilisation, improvement and preservation of an organisation’s human resource” – Y.C. Moushell

“Human Resource Planning is a process of forecasting an organisation’s future demand for human resource and supply of right type of people in right numbers” – J.Chennly.K

Scope of Human Resource Planning

• It keeps the record of current manpower with the organization.
• Assessing the future requirements of manpower for organization objectives.
• To make the manpower recruitment plans.
• To phase out the surplus employees.
• To make a layout of training programme for different categories of employees.

Need for Human Resource Planning      

• Shortage of Skills: These days we find shortage of skills in people. So it is necessary to plan for such skilled people much in advance than when we actually need them. Non-availability of skilled people when and where they are needed is an important factor which prompts sound Human Resource Planning.
• Frequent Labour Turnover: Human Resource Planning is essential because of frequent labour turnover which is unavoidable by all means. Labour turnover arises because of discharges, marriages, promotion, transfer etc. which causes a constant ebb and flow in the workforce in the organisation.
• Changing needs of technology: Due to changes in technology and new techniques of production, existing employees need to be trained or new blood injected into an organisation.
• Identify areas of surplus or shortage of personnel: Manpower planning is needed in order to identify areas with a surplus of personnel or areas in which there is a shortage of personnel. If there is a surplus, it can be re-deployed, or if there is a shortage new employee can be procured.
• Changes in organisation design and structure: Due to changes in organisation structure and design we need to plan the required human resources right from the beginning.

Approaches

On the theoretical plane there are three options to any educational planner. The first option is to treat the education as consumption goods and demand for education as an aggregate of individual consumer’s demand schooling, and to provide the facilities for education and training according. The second option is to view education an investment goods, evaluate the investments in education at par with investment in education with the rate of return on investment in physical capital. The third option is to considered skilled manpower as basic inputs to the production goods and services within the economy; assess the skill requirements to achieve any predetermined economic growth target, and to gear the expansion of educational system to provide the needed education and training.

There are three approaches to educational planning:

• Social demand approach
• Rate of return approach, and
• Manpower requirement approaches.

Social Demand Approach: The social demand approach lies on the assessment of society’s requirement for education. In principles, it is an aggregate of individuals demand for education in respect of all individuals within the society. It is not always possible particularly in large societies, to assess individual demand for education. In practice, therefore, social demand approach relies on a projection of past trends in demographic aspects of population and the enrollment at the different levels of education.

Social demand approach is thus capable of revealing the number of students with differently types of professional preparations that may be a given target date, based on past experiences. Projections of social demand for education are contingent upon given levels of:

• Income of educated people,
• Taste and references of household for education,
• Demographic characteristics such as fertility and mortality,
• Direct costs of education,
• Student grants, and
• Existing standard of admission to various levels of education.

Added to these constraints, there are the perennial problems associated with the data base on demographic aspects at disaggregated levels such as districts, blocks and villages and data on wastage and stagnation in education, and intensity of utilization of existing educational facilities. Social demand approach thus suffers from the difficulties associated with any futurological exercise.

Rate of Return Approaches: Critics of social demand approach argue that the decision to choose more or less of education, beyond a legal school-learning age, is made by an individual who attaches a positive value to the present and the future benefits of education. Aggregate of individuals demand for education, which is constructed the social demand for education, should then be based exaggerate of individuals assessment of benefits of education-reflecting the social benefits.

This brings us the rate of return approach to education:

Rate of return approach looks upon education as a contributor to productivity and this sense, it is expected to facilitate investment decisions in education whether or not the students should undergo more schooling, or whether or not the state should invest more and expand educational facilities.

Like in the rate of return-on-investment analysis, rate of return on investment in education is used to expand educational facilities until schooling equalizes.

• On the one hand yield of investment in different types of education, and
• On the other hand, yield of investment in education vis-à-vis other sectors of economy.

Manpower Requirement Approach: The fundamental axioms of manpower requirements approach is that there is a definite link between the education and economic growth and that lack of skilled manpower in required number impedes growth. In this approach an attempt is made to forecast future requirements of educated manpower to fulfill a future target of Gross National Product (GNP) or specified targets of industrial production. Based on the forecasts of educated manpower requirement over a specified period, the planners would then indicate the directions of development of the educational sector over the same specific period.

The basic steps involved in this exercise are as under:

• Anticipating the directions and the magnitude of development of each individual sectors of the economy.
• Evolving norms of the employing manpower in each individual sector keeping the view the
• Technological options Present as well as future for each sector of the economy.
• Translating the physical targets for the development of each individual sector into the manpower requirement using the sector specific manpower norms.
• Estimating the educational; equivalents of the manpower requirement.
• Analyzing the implications of estimates of educated manpower requirements for educational development, based on assumptions regarding the enrollment rates, transitions probability and wastage and the stagnation rates at each level of education.

Limitations of the Manpower Requirement Approach:

The first limitation assumes that the educated manpower of different types is used in fixed proportions and that there no substitutions possibilities among the various categories of educated manpower.

The second limitation is that it postulates a definite link between an industrial task and an educational level. Prices, either in terms of cost of producing educated manpower or in terms of salaries and wages of educational people do not play any role in matching demand with supplies of educated manpower in this brand of educational planning. This makes the good sense if formal education and training is the only means of producing educated manpower. If there are alternative ways of producing a given category of skilled manpower, then prices play a significant role and the manpower requirements approach fails to take cognizance of this respect. In the Indian context, even in the case of highly skilled occupation where graduate level engineers are required, it has been observed that over 30 per cent of the manpower do not have the basic minimum qualification. They have reached these levels through on-the-job training and such other informal training, in the requisite skills. Such persons are categorized as “practical” and these practical are to be found in every occupation.

The crucial information in all forecasting exercises is the assumptions about the distant unknown future. Any error in judgment, in this regard, will seriously affect manpower balances at a later date resulting in either excess supply or excess demand. In the context of educational planning, excess demand is relatively easier to manage. Excess supply, on the other hand, leads to serious economic and sociological problems which are often difficult to deal with.

Human Resource Planning is done at various levels for their own purposes by various institutions. There are various levels of human resource planning in an industrial enterprise:

• National Level
• Sectoral Level
• Industry Level
• Unit Level
• Departmental Level
• Job Level

1. HRP at National Level:

HRP at the national level helps to plan for educational facilities, health care facilities, agricultural and industrial development, and employment plans etc. The government of the country plans for human resources at the national level.

2. Sectoral Level:

Central and state governments also plan human resource requirements at sectoral level. It tries to satisfy needs of some particular sectors like Agriculture Sector, Industrial Sector and Service Sector.

3. Industry Level:

This level of planning is done to suit manpower needs of a particular industry such as Engineering, Heavy Industries, Paper Industry, Consumer Goods Industries. Public Utility Industries, Textile, Cement/Chemical Industries etc.

4. HRP at the Unit Level:

HR Planning at the company level is based on the estimation of human resource needs of the particular company in question. It is based on the business plan of the company.

5. Departmental Level:

This level of planning is done to suit the manpower needs of a particular department in a company e.g., Marketing Department, Production Department. Finance Department, etc.

5. Job Level:

This level of planning fulfills the human resource needs of a particular job family within department. For example, the requirement of number of sales executes in the marketing department.

Need for HRP at Macro Level

Major reasons for the emphasis on HRP at macro level include:

Technological Changes: The myriad changes in production technologies, marketing methods and management techniques have been extensive and rapid. Their effect has been profound on job contents and job contexts. These changes cause problems relating to redundancies, retraining and redeployment. All these suggest the need to plan manpower needs intensively and systematically.

Organizational Changes: In the turbulent environment marked by cyclical fluctuations and discontinuities, the nature and pace of changes in organizational environment, activities and structures affect manpower requirements and require strategic considerations.

Employment-Unemployment Situation: Though in general the number of educated unemployed is on the rise, there is acute shortage for a variety of skills. This emphasises the need for more effective recruitment and retaining people.

Demographic Changes: The changing profile of the work force in terms of age, sex, litercy, technical inputs and social background have implications for HRP.

Skill Shortages: Unemployment does not mean that the labour market is a buyer’s market. Organizations have generally become more complex and require a wide range of specialist skills that are rare and scarce. Problems arise when such employees leave.

Legislative Controls: The days of executive fiat and ‘hire and fire’ policies are gone. Now legislation makes it difficult to reduce the size of an organization quickly and cheaply. It is easy to increase but difficult to shed the fat in terms of the numbers employed because of recent changes in labour law relating to lay-offs and closures. Those responsible for managing manpower must look far ahead and thus attempt to foresee manpower problems.

Governmental Influences: Government control and changes in legislation with regard to affirmative action for disadvantaged groups, working conditions and hours of work, restrictions on women and child employment, casual and contract labout, etc. have stimulated the organizations to become involved in systematic HRP.

Impact of Pressure Groups: Pressure groups such as unions, politicians and persons displaced from land by location of giant enterprises have been raising contradictory pressures on enterprise management such as internal recruitment and promotions, preference to employees’ children, displace persons, sons of the soil etc.

Lead Time: The long lead time is necessary in the selection process and for training and deployment of the employee to handle new knowledge and skills successfully.

Systems Concept: The spread of systems thinking and the advent of the macro computer as part of the on-going revolution in information technology which emphasises planning and newer ways of handling voluminous personnel records.