Category: University of Mumbai BMS Notes

Offshoring is simply the process of getting work done in another country. You take an activity and move to an offshore location, but that activity is still completely managed within your company, so you control the outcomes.

Offshoring is the process of relocating a business or business process to another country in order to benefit from reduced labour costs or a more beneficial regulatory environment. A range of processes are commonly offshored, including manufacturing, IT, customer service and research & development.

Offshoring is controversial for a number of reasons, including reducing the economic benefits to the home country and the number of jobs available to locals, and potential exploitation concerns over mass employment of cheaper labour in the destination country. Service levels of companies offshoring customer service may also be affected, often due to the culturally-driven mismatch in expectations that can occur.

A related term is re-shoring or backshoring, which means bringing back a business process from an offshore location to the original country of operation.

Importance

Business Growth

Offshoring allows you to reduce one of the most expensive parts of your business, the labour costs. Freeing this up will allow you to reinvest funds into your business and give you the opportunity to expand your offerings and service. Essentially working on your business rather than in your business.

Higher productivity

Companies can achieve higher productivity by taking advantage of having a different time zone. The decision to offshore effectively allows an organization to have work conducted at all hours of the day and night. It also gives an organization the opportunity to support its customers when they need it and fulfill their ever-changing and on-demand needs. This high degree of customer support may result in a greater customer experience and a more loyal customer base.

Control

Many businesses may not want to relinquish control of part of their operations and production to an external party. Offshoring allows you to have dedicated staff to work for your company only. You provide the direction, train the staff and everything is done the way you want it to, which leads to accountability internal of the business.

Reduced Risk

To have multiple teams in different countries helps to reduce your risk, provide a greater marketing opportunity and allows you to support your clients when they need it.

Lower labor costs

Offshoring allows businesses to pay less for labor-intensive processes such as manufacturing, round-the-clock customer support, information technology development and coding. Depending on the particular country selected for offshoring, significant savings can come from reduced labor costs.

Access to Staff

This model gives you access to a young and vast pool of talent. In particular to English speaking foreign countries, who are highly skilled and university educated. With the current pressure to find employees with the right skillset in already developed countries, implementing offshore teams will complement the existing staff. The wide skill availability for knowledge-based processes through offshoring becomes an advantage for any business looking to fulfil specific requirements.

Greater Availability

Having a different time zone and a workforce ready for 24×7 operation gives you an outstanding opportunity to support your clients when they need it and fulfil their ever-changing needs. This results in a better level of service and a higher level of customer experience with quicker and direct contact to your business. Increasing the competitive edge in your industry.

Lower tax obligations

Countries in which offshored labor is utilized are often looking for ways to incentivize companies to enter into their geography and establish operations and hire local workers as a boon to their local economy. To do so, a lower tax rate for doing business is offered to help offset the costs to a company for setting up those operations.

Off Shoring and HRM in India

Favorable government policies:

Information technology is considered as one among the top industries in India. With the release of “IT acts 2000” bill, India has been rated as an excellent investment potential destination of the world. Through this act, the Indian government has been playing a major role in providing tax-related and other benefits, along with recognizing the electronic contracts, barring cyber crime and supporting the e-filing of documents.

Time zone advantage:

Many of US and Europe companies prefer to implement a follow-the-sun model and leverage the benefits of time zone difference. India, being strategically located in mid longitudes, could unhesitatingly serve both the western world and the eastern world around the clock, 365 days a year. In this way, India could support the businesses in those counterparts, by saving their time, cost and by reducing their time-to-market.

Indian Advantage:

There are various advantages that India could offer for the outsourcer Cost effective services, English language advantage, access to the highly skilled pool of professionals, etc. More than 20 companies in India have attained the CMMI level. 65% of CMMI level 5 companies in the world are located in India alone. India even has the highest level of ISO-9000 software organizations.

Extended support and maintenance:

The Indian offshore software development companies offer complete support, maintenance, and post-launch services once the project is up and running. They help in fixing the bugs and keeping it updated.

English Language Advantage:

Being ruled by Britishers for almost two decades, India has attained a deep-rooted connection with the English language. In the present days, English is spoken, read and understood with ease by most of the Indians. Hence, it enables better communication and understanding between the offshorer and the Indian software developments teams. This facilitates smooth workflow.

Availability of more capital funds:

Offshoring of the software development and technical support to India could reduce the need to invest in non-core business competencies, thereby increasing the availability of capital funds for important core business functions.

Availability of State-of-art technology:

Being aware and keeping up with the cutting edge technology is a need of the day. In case of an in-house team, the companies need to spend time and money on employing the latest technology and training the personnel to get a competitive edge on others. By offshoring the same responsibilities to the best in the field companies, the outsourcer could be assured of receiving efficient services and the latest technological expertise.

Peace of mind and more focus on core competencies:

Offshoring the software development and technical support to the companies that are best in the field could provide peace of mind and let the offshorer focus on the core business activities.

Access to Talented human resource:

An efficient software application development needs financial resources as well as a skilled workforce. Indian outsourcee companies could afford these talented pools of professionals who are well equipped and highly trained for any given project.

Timely Delivery:

Indian outsourcing companies are renowned for having a congruous plan for the project even before they start it. Hence, it is delivered on time as per the planning. The agile process plays a role in the timely delivery of the project.

Clear communication:

Indian IT outsourcing companies have gained the reputation to remain in constant communication with the outsourcer. The progress of the project would be regularly updated to the outsourcer through the phone calls or Skype or emails. This would offer the outsourcer as well as outsourcee absolute contentment and peace of mind.

Other Advantages:

• Regardless of the succession of government coalitions, the focus of Indian government continues to be on liberalizing certain markets which are beneficial to outsourcers.
• Availability of young and highly qualified technical professionals.
• India is a land of almost 400 universities and 1500 research institutes. The country produces 200,000 engineer graduates and 9000 doctoral graduates every year.
• Excellent knowledge and command on the English language.

Companies appoint the expatriate as he is likely to have tacit knowledge of global operations and help the local employees to identify and meet the company’s objectives. They are the means of applying the strategic control over the subsidiary.

Expatriate helps in improving the business performance in the host country. They help in breakdown the barrier between the parent company and subsidiaries. They are helpful in reducing risks, technical problems. Moreover, they are very helpful in developing good relation with the suppliers. Expatriates are not only used for coordination but also for the knowledge transfer, improving business relation to dominate the international market.

Since, headquarter has at least one person in the subsidiary branch who thinks, behave & follow the culture in the similar manner, that of home company. This helps headquarter to develop better relation with the employees of the host country and also help them to understand their needs. This is helpful to provide security to the employee. Working with an expatriate, can be a motivational factor for the local employees.

Management style. Expatriate help the subsidiary to follow the same management style with that of Home Company. They will make the local employee to follow the same culture.

Control and Coordinate. Posting an expatriate in the subsidiary, help the MNEs and gives them the opportunity to control and coordinate the new subsidiary. Since, the host company has may have the people with different attitude and behaviour with that to home company.

Better recruitment chances: If you have just started your business in a relatively unknown or small job market abroad, you may find it difficult to recruit the right candidate within your geographical area. Although there are many ways to look for local candidates (social media, word of mouth, local recruitment agency, etc.), there’s always the risk that the hard or soft skills you are looking for aren’t available or are very limited in the country you are operating. In this case, opening your horizons to global talent gives you more chances to find the ideal candidate from a variety of professional and educational backgrounds.

International experience: Depending on the role, an expat may have a set of professional skills, which will make them the best candidate for the position. However, expats (and especially serial expats) bear some unique personal qualities, which will contribute to the overall, successful completion of tasks and execution of projects. We are referring to characteristics such as resilience, adaptability, and problem solving, which are often cultivated during the times of living abroad and can be an asset to the company. Is there an employer who wouldn’t like to work with an independent person who reacts quickly to change and adapts as required?

Inner motivation: Expats tend to be self-motivated, daring people, who look at life’s bigger picture. Not everyone can be as courageous to leave their comfort zone in search of new opportunities and adventures, far away from the familiarity of home. The process of moving abroad comes with many rewards but also challenges, which make the expat a stronger and often a better version of who they are. The expat has left home for a reason whether it is professional or personal development and will work hard to make their expat project a success regardless of the obstacles that come along the way.

Appropriate expertise: If you are an entrepreneur who is doing something pioneering in a country that has no previous experience of such a product or service, it will be difficult and maybe impossible to achieve 100 percent engagement of local employees with your business’ methods, values, and vision for the future. However, an international candidate may have worked in a similar field before and may be ready not only to execute your plan, but also to bring new ideas in, expertise, and knowledge to move your concept forward.

Disadvantages of Expats

There are many disadvantages associated with the expatriates, such as, they can misunderstand the political situation which can give rise to the political risk and can heavily cost the company. Misunderstanding of the political situation in the host country can even lead to the ban of the company in the host country.

Expatriate has to look for the local market to build up the relation and increase the business for the company, but neither he does not have command over the local language nor he has much experience to manage and work with the local staff (Mendenhall et. al, 1995).

The training and rewarding of an expatriate are highly costly. The extraordinary awards for an expatriate can lead to ill feeling in the local employees and can work as a de-motivational factor for them.

Expatriate Failure

Expatriate failure means premature return of an expatriate, i.e. an expatriate returns back to his home country before the completion of international assignment or if an expatriate resign from his job position before the completion of the assignment assigned to him. However, it can also be defined as the poor job performance or the prolong extension of the assignment.

Reasons of Expatriate Failure

There are several reasons associated with the failure of an expatriate. Various researchers have given different reason for an expat failure. There were number of surveys conducted across the globe and found the different failure rates in different countries. It is found that US with 10% – 40% has the maximum failure rate and Japanese MNEs with less than 5% has the minimum failure rate.

When making international assignments, they focus on knowledge creation and global leadership development. Many companies send people abroad to reward them, to get them out of the way, or to fill an immediate business need. At companies that manage the international assignment process well, however, people are given foreign posts for two related reasons: to generate and transfer knowledge, to develop their global leadership skills, or to do both.

They assign overseas posts to people whose technical skills are matched or exceeded by their cross-cultural abilities. Companies that manage expats wisely do not assume that people who have succeeded at home will repeat that success abroad. They assign international posts to individuals who not only have the necessary technical skills but also have indicated that they would be likely to live comfortably in different cultures.

They end expatriate assignments with a deliberate repatriation process. Most executives who oversee expat employees view their return home as a nonissue. The truth is, repatriation is a time of major upheaval, professionally and personally, for two-thirds of expats. Companies that recognize this fact help their returning people by providing them with career guidance and enabling them to put their international experience to work.

Traits:

Patience

Last but certainly not least, patience is a virtue when it comes to expatriating. Things aren’t always as fast moving in other cultures or when working across borders. Don’t rush yourself when it comes to adjusting and don’t rush others if they operate differently than you’re used to.

Flexibility

Every country has a unique way of doing things, and expats should be willing to cope with the traditions of those around them. If the country you’re working in doesn’t value punctuality, be flexible if people are late to a meeting. Stay calm and let matters follow their course.

Cultural Adaptability

A cross-cultural experience may sound like a breeze, but your family trip to Europe 10 years ago won’t prepare you to settle into a completely new environment. To move to another country, you’ll have to be tolerant and respectful of new people and adapt to new cultural norms to fit in.

Emotional Intelligence

Being emotionally intelligent means that you can discern how others are feeling and use that information to guide your own behavior. If you want to be an expat, you should be able to read different social cues and non-verbal communication and asses how your own personality comes across to others.

Global Curiosity

Being interested in and excited about new cultures is essential. If you have a passion for meeting new people and an urge to learn about the world, you’re more likely to be happy living abroad.

Extreme Organization

If tax season sends you in a tizzy, expat life may not be for you. As an American expat, you need to be able to balance multiple tax systems, work within two bureaucracies, and stay on top of your visa paperwork.

Language Skills

Being able to communicate in the language of your new home is important, even if you’re mostly communicating in your native tongue.

Don’t worry about being fluent right away picking up some key phrases can help with everything from landing an overseas opportunity to developing relationships with locals.

Leadership

The most successful expats know how to command a room, no matter where that room is. If you aren’t a natural leader, try some strategies to help you catch up. Mimic the strong leaders in your life, practice effective communication, and become an expert in both your industry and your adopted home.

An expatriate (often shortened to expat) is a person residing in a country other than their native country. In common usage, the term often refers to professionals, skilled workers, or artists taking positions outside their home country, either independently or sent abroad by their employers. However, the term ‘expatriate’ is also used for retirees and others who have chosen to live outside their native country. Historically, it has also referred to exiles.

Some multinational corporations send employees to foreign countries to work in branch offices or subsidiaries. Expatriate employees allow a parent company to more closely control its foreign subsidiaries. They can also improve global coordination.

A 2007 study found the key drivers for expatriates to pursue international careers were: breadth of responsibilities, nature of the international environment (risk and challenge), high levels of autonomy of international posts, and cultural differences (rethinking old ways).

However, expatriate professionals and independent expatriate hires are often more expensive than local employees. Expatriate salaries are usually augmented with allowances to compensate for a higher cost of living or hardships associated with a foreign posting. Other expenses may need to be paid, such as health care, housing, or fees at an international school. There is also the cost of moving a family and their belongings. Another problem can be government restrictions in the foreign country.

Spouses may have trouble adjusting due to culture shock, loss of their usual social network, interruptions to their own career, and helping children cope with a new school. These are chief reasons given for foreign assignments ending early. However, a spouse can also act as a source of support for an expatriate professional. Families with children help to bridge the language and culture aspect of the host and home country, while the spouse plays a critical role in balancing the families integration into the culture. Some corporations have begun to include spouses earlier when making decisions about a foreign posting, and offer coaching or adjustment training before a family departs. Research suggests that tailoring pre-departure cross-cultural training and its specific relevance positively influence the fulfilment of expectations in expatriates’ adjustment. According to the 2012 Global Relocation Trends Survey Report, 88 per cent of spouses resist a proposed move. The most common reasons for refusing an assignment are family concerns and the spouse’s career.

Expatriate failure is a term which has been coined for an employee returning prematurely to their home country, or resigning. About 7% of expatriates return early, but this figure does not include those who perform poorly while on assignment or resign entirely from a company. When asked the cost of a premature expatriate’s return, a survey of 57 multinational companies reported an average cost of about US$225,000.

Reasons and motivations for expatriation

People move abroad for many different reasons. The realisation of what makes people move is the first step in the expatriation process. People could be ‘pushed’ away as a reaction to specific socio-economic or political conditions in the home country, or ‘pulled’ towards a destination country because of better work opportunities/conditions. The ‘pull’ can also include personal preferences, such as climate, a better quality of life, or the fact that family/friends are living there.

For some people, moving abroad is a conscious, thoroughly planned decision, while for others it could be a ‘spur of the moment’, spontaneous decision. This decision, of course, is influenced by the individual’s geographic, socioeconomic and political environment; as well as their personal circumstances. The motivation for moving (or staying) abroad also gets adjusted with the different life changes the person experiences. For example, if they get married, have children, etc. Also, different personalities (or personality types) have diverse reactions to the challenges of adjusting to a host-country culture; and these reactions affect their motivations to continue (or not) living abroad.

In this era of international competition, it is important for companies, as well as for countries, to understand what is that motivates people to move to another country to work. Understanding expatriates’ motivations for international mobility allows organisations to tailor work packages to match expatriates’ expectations in order to attract and/or retain skilled workers from abroad.

Recent trends

Trends in recent years among business expatriates have included:

• Reluctance by employees to accept foreign assignments, due to spouses also having a career.
• Reluctance by multinational corporations to sponsor overseas assignments, due to increased sensitivity both to costs and to local cultures. It is common for an expat to cost at least three times more than a comparable local employee.
• Short-term assignments becoming more common. These are assignments of several months to a year which rarely require the expatriate family to move. They can include specific projects, technology transfer, or problem-solving tasks. In 2008, nearly two-thirds of international assignments consisted of long-term assignments (greater than one year, typically three years). In 2014, that number fell to just over half.
• Self-initiated expatriation, where individuals themselves arrange a contract to work overseas, rather than being sent by a parent company to a subsidiary. An ‘SIE’ typically does not require as big a compensation package as does a traditional business expatriate. Also, spouses of SIEs are less reluctant to interrupt their own careers, at a time when dual-career issues are arguably shrinking the pool of willing expatriates.
• Local companies in emerging markets hiring Western managers directly.
• Commuter assignments which involve employees living in one country but travelling to another for work. This usually occurs on a weekly or biweekly rotation, with weekends spent at home.
• Flexpatriates, international business travellers who take a plethora of short trips to locations around the globe for negotiations, meetings, training and conferences. These assignments are usually of several weeks duration each. Their irregular nature can cause stress within a family.
• Diversity is becoming more of an issue. Consulting firm Mercer reported in 2017 that women made up only 14 per cent of the expatriate workforce globally.

Factors in Selection of Expatriates

Technical Ability

A person’s ability to perform the required tasks is an important consideration and so technical and managerial skills are therefore an essential criterion in selecting expatriates. Indeed, research findings consistently indicate that multinationals place heavy reliance on relevant technical skills during the expatriate selection process.

Cross-cultural Suitability

The cultural environment in which expatriates operate is an important factor in determining successful performance. Apart from the obvious technical ability and managerial skills, expatriates require cross-cultural abilities that enable the person to operate in a new environment.

An American manager who is considered an excellent communicator by his US colleagues because of his face-to-face and to-the-point style may be a disaster when required to communicate with say, Chinese or Japanese subordinates who value subtle, indirect forms of communication. Hence, the country where the posting is to be and its culture are likely influences in the selection of the candidates.

Family Requirements

The contribution that the family, particularly the spouse, makes to the success of the overseas assignment is now well documented. For example, Black and Stephens (1989) examined the influence of the spouse on an American expatriate’s adjustment. They found that the adjustment of the spouse was highly correlated to the adjustment of the expatriate manager.

Hence, firms interview the spouse as an essential part of the selection process. Answers are sought to questions like, Will you be interrupting a career to accompany your spouse on an international assignment? If a formal interview evokes resistance, then the spouse is contacted informally and attitudes ascertained indirectly thorough friends.

Apart from the accompanying partner’s career, there are family considerations that can cause a potential expatriate to decline the international assignment. Disruption to children’s education is an important consideration, and the selected candidate may reject the offered assignment on the grounds that a move at this particular stage in his or her child’s life is inappropriate. The care of aging or invalid parents is another consideration.

Cross Cultural

Requirements In some cases, the multinational may wish to use an expatriate and has selected a candidate for the international assignment, but may find that the local Government do not allow it. Many developed countries are changing their legislation to facilitate employment related immigration which will make international transfers somewhat easier –for example the European Union Social Charter allows for free movement of citizens of member countries within the EU. It is important that HR staff keep up-to-date with relevant legislative changes in the countries in which the MNC is involved.

Further, the host country may be an important determinant. Some regions and countries are considered ‘hardship postings’: remote areas away from major cities or modern facilities; or war-torn regions with high physical risk. Accompanying family members may be an additional responsibility that the multinational does not want to bear. There may be a reluctance to select females for certain Middle East or South East Asian regions and in some countries a work permit for a female expatriate will not be issued.

These aspects may result in the selection of HCNs rather than expatriates. To overcome this problem, a group of more than 20 large multinationals (including Shell, British Airways, Unilever, Pricewaterhouse Coopers and Siemens) has established an organisation called ‘Permits Foundation’in an attempt to promote the improvement of work permit regulations for spouses of expatriates. It also aims to raise government awareness of the connection between work permits and employee mobility.

MNCs Requirements

Apart from expatriate related factors, there are contextual factors, such as management philosophy and approach of the MNC- whether it is ethnocentric, polycentric, region-centric or geocentric. The status of the MNC-whether it is an international, multi-domestic, transnational or global company-also influences this decision to a great extent. Other situational factors include:

• The mode of operation involved: Selecting staff to work in an international joint venture may involve major input from the local partner and constraints imposed by the JV agreement terms.
• The duration of the assignment: Family members tend not to accompany an expatriate when the assignment is for a short duration, so family may not be a strong factor in the selection.
• The amount of knowledge transfer inherent in the expatriate’s job in foreign operation: If the nature of the job is to train local staff, then the MNC many include training skills as one of the selection criterions.

Language

Language skills are be considered as of critical importance for some expatriate positions, but lesser in others, though some would argue that knowledge of the host country’s language is an important aspect of expatriate performance, regardless of the level of position.

Differences in language are recognised as a major barrier to effective cross-cultural communication. Yet, in terms of the other selection criteria we have examined above, from the multinational’s perspective, language is placed lower down the list of desirable attributes.

In the past, US multinationals have tended to place relatively low importance on foreign language skills. For example, in a 1990 study of US multinationals, Fixman found that foreign language skills were rarely considered an important part of international business success. She comments: ‘Language problems were largely viewed as mechanical and manageable problems that could be solved individually’.

This view is also consumed by the consistent and relatively poor performance of young Americans on polls of geographic literacy sponsored by the National Geographic Education Foundation. In the most recent 2006 poll of young American adults between the ages of 18 and 24 the following results were reported:

• 50 per cent of the sample thought it was ‘important but not absolutely necessary’ to know where countries in the news are located.
• 75 per cent did not know that a majority of Indonesia’s population of 245 million is Muslim (making it the largest Muslim country in the world).
• 74 per cent of the sample thought that English was the most commonly spoken language in the world, rather than Mandarin Chinese.

Traditionally, expatriates have been primarily managerial executives, with the role of controlling an overseas branch of the parent company. However, the increasing Globalisation of business has led to an expansion in the range of personnel that is sent overseas to work and gain experience. Engineers, information technologists, and other specialists are increasingly moving into a globalized work arena. The resulting diversity of repatriated personnel generates two challenges. First, the processes and policies relating to repatriation must be more rigorously developed and documented in order to facilitate equitable and efficient management of the program. Second, there should be a greater awareness of the need to develop such programs in order to increase the retention rate of experienced expatriates.

Repatriation Process

1. Preparation: before 3-4 months of expatriate return

• Developing plans for future and info about new position
• Checklist of items before leaving (closure of bank a/c, bills etc.)

2. Physical Relocation

• Removal of personal belongings , breaking ties with friends, colleagues before returning
• Re-entry training for home country’s update, socio-cultural contrast orientation, psychological aspects etc.

3. Transition

• Finding accommodations, school for children, opening bank A/c etc. for comfortable living.
• Relocation consultants used.

4. Readjustment

• Coping with aspects as company changes , reverse culture shock and career demands
• Eg. Repatriate returning from country where power distance is large as Thailand may experience stress on returning to small power distance countries like Denmark.

Repatriation of Expatriates

• Repatriation
• Return to one’s home country from an overseas management assignment
• Reasons for returning
• Formally agreed-on tour of duty is over
• Expats want their children educated in the home country
• Unhappiness with foreign assignment
• Failure to perform well
• Major concerns of expatriates
• Cultural Re-entry
• Financial Implications
• Nature of job assignment

Multinational responses to repatriation

1. Staff availability: current and future needs

• If repatriate promoted ,International assignments as a positive career move
• If repatriate demoted or given pink slips so vice versa.

2. Return on investment (ROI)

• Expatriates are expensive
• Accomplishing assignment objectives at the expected cost

3. Knowledge Transfer

• Cross-fertilization of ideas and practices that assist in developing competitive advantage.
• Build upon international experience of repatriates

Designing a Repatriation Program

1. Mentor programs (Pairing expat with a member of home office senior mgmt):

• Maintaining contact with the expatriate throughout the assignment
• Ensuring that expatriates are kept up- to-date with developments in home country
• Assisting expatriates in repatriation process

2. Inviting repatriates in developing repatriation program

Steps suggested for smooth transition:

• Arrange an event to welcome & recognize the employee & family.
• Establish support to facilitate family reintegration.
• Offer repatriation counselling or workshops to ease the adjustment.
• Assist the spouse with job counselling, resume writing & interviewing techniques.
• Provide educational counselling for the children.
• Provide employees with thorough debriefing to identify new knowledge, insights & skills to provide a forum to showcase new competencies.
• Offer international outplacement to the employee if no positions are possible.
• Arrange an interview with the expatriate & spouse to review their view of the assignment & address any repatriation issues.

Many people face both work-related and personal repatriation challenges:

Work-related

• Loss of visibility and isolation
• Changes in the home workplace
• Adjusting to the re-entry position
• Others devaluing the international experience

Personal

• Making assumptions of how quickly you will fit back in
• Unrealistic expectations of life at home and how it has changed
• Social readjustment as friend and family relationships have changed
• Difficulty supporting family members experiencing reverse culture shock

Expatriate has to look for the local market to build up the relation and increase the business for the company, but neither he does not have command over the local language nor he has much experience to manage and work with the local staff.

 The training and rewarding of an expatriate are highly costly. The extraordinary awards for an expatriate can lead to ill feeling in the local employees and can work as a de-motivational factor for them.

Expatriate Failure

Expatriate failure means premature return of an expatriate, i.e. an expatriate returns back to his home country before the completion of international assignment or if an expatriate resign from his job position before the completion of the assignment assigned to him. However, it can also be defined as the poor job performance or the prolong extension of the assignment.

Reasons of Expatriate Failure

There are several reasons associated with the failure of an expatriate. Various researchers have given different reason for an expat failure. There were number of surveys conducted across the globe and found the different failure rates in different countries. It is found that US with 10% – 40% has the maximum failure rate and Japanese MNEs with less than 5% has the minimum failure rate.

High Burnout Rate

Studies have shown that expats, especially those performing extremely demanding jobs, have a high burnout rate. It seems that 25% of them are called home early because they take on too much stress. This problem is the result of several factors including language barriers, being away from friends and family, having to deal with an entirely new culture, and the feeling of isolation.

Expats are Expensive & Problematic

The expats themselves aren’t problematic, but making sure that all travel expenses, visa issues, host or home-country tax differentials and relocation allowances are covered will be. You should expect to pay two to five times more on an expat than you would on a local employee. In any case, you have to decide if this significantly higher cost is worth it.

Legal Risks

Some companies ended up being fined or barred from operating in a certain country because they didn’t respect its immigration requirements and permit obligations. For the expat the situation can become even more sever. For example, continuing work in a country passed your permit’s expiration date may lead to imprisonment. A Global Mobility Effectiveness Study concluded that roughly 64% of international businesses suffered avoidable non-compliance penalties when sending expats.

Role of family

In the context of international work experience, acculturation is a dual process of cultural and psychological change that takes place as a result of contact between two or more cultural groups and their individual members and which involves various forms of mutual accommodation (Berry, 2005). The outcome of acculturation is a longer-term psychological and sociocultural adjustment, in other words, relatively stable changes that take place in an individual or a group in response to external demands. The acculturation literature identifies different types of global workers, such as sojourners, immigrants, refugees, expatriates, etc. To clarify the distinction between different types of cultural groups, Berry proposed the following criteria:

(a) Migration

(b) Voluntariness

(c) Foreseen permanence.

For expatriates, the profile includes migration, voluntariness, and no foreseen permanence. Moreover, expatriates further differentiate themselves on average by a high educational level, and if not self-initiated, by support from their organization.

Expatriates were further defined as individuals who move to another country, change a place of residence and have a specific goal to work in the new environment; or as assignees across a range of assignment types involving international relocation (e.g., long-term, short-term, and extended business travel assignments). In the work-family literature, family is any combination of two life partners, with or without children; or as two committed partners, where a partner refers to both spouses and significant others and it refers to a traditional expatriate situation where one partner works and one is unemployed. McNulty provided the following comprehensive definition of an expatriate family: “married, de-facto, live-in, or long-term partners of the opposite or same sex, with or without children, with family members that reside in one or many locations; and legally separated or divorced (single) adults with children, with family members that reside in one or many locations.” This definition includes non-traditional types of expatriates which is a new field of enquiry evolving in recent research. It differs from traditional expatriates regarding their family composition (step, single parent, split, overseas adoption, multigenerational), family challenges (special needs or gifted children), family status (single expatriates, accompanying family members besides children), sexual orientation, and gender.

Reasons

The family must establish a new “Norm”

The family identity relies on recreating a “home” dynamic almost as soon as theyarrive in the new country. While each family member mourns what they have left behind in the previous country (friends, a home, a routine, etc.), there is also an overall loss of family identity.

Differences in roles can create frustrations and misunderstandings

Each family member is focused on their own adaptation and may overlook the efforts other members put in making things work, thus making the first days and weeks even more difficult.

Global Mobility can deploy numerous expatriate success factors such as putting the assignee in contact with other assignees and families in the country, or by speaking to other family members, not just their employee.

Some family members may find it easier to adapt to life in the new country

Moving abroad is a stressful ordeal. Some family members may adapt more quickly as they have a specific role lined up e.g. a student at a new school. Other family members must strive to find their own meaningful position in the new set up, and this requires a lot of energy.

Tips to ease the relocation process

Some good practices to create a warm and welcoming atmosphere for the assignee and their family could include:

Have a specifically appointed person who the family can turn to

Someone who they can call upon to help them understand how to pay a bill, when to drive on specific roads, and possibly most importantly, someone who can help decode the cultural behaviors that can be so disconcerting at the start of an assignment.

Often a family member of an assignee already based in the country will be very happy to take on that role.

Focus on the arrival of the whole family and not just the assignee

This might mean regularly enquiring about the family’s well-being and whether there is anything that can be done to make the transition smoother. For example, it is often the assignee’s partner who has more of a need for language training than the assignee.

Organize events that involve the whole family

Encourage the family to spend more quality time together. Particularly where the time differences are big, work commitments are more likely to overlap into family time. Encourage the family to travel within the region, take up new past times or hobbies.

Encourage the assignee to take some time off at the start of the assignment

One of the many expatriate success factors that many firms believe in is to minimize work assignee and family overload and associated stress.

Offer support but don’t overstep the mark

Check in regularly with the assignee and their family without pushing them too much.

Repatriation refers to the return of an employee to their own country. In this lesson, we’ll explore a human resource manager’s process as she plans for an employee’s re-entry into the United States and the discussion upon his return.

Repatriation encompasses the phase in which individuals return from an international work experience. Regardless of whether the transition takes place within one organization or across organizations, returning home after working abroad constitutes a critical step for an individual’s future career.

Cultural artifacts

Cultural or art repatriation is the return of cultural objects or works of art to their country of origin (usually referring to ancient art), or (for looted material) its former owners (or their heirs).

Economic repatriation

Economic repatriation refers to the process of a company getting its profits back into their own country. There are four main methods of repatriation: Dividends and Profits, Royalties, Management Service Fees and Intercompany Loans.

Role of Repatriate

Compensation

By ensuring at the start of the assignment that all of the assignment-related compensation is broken out, it will be easier to avoid compensation issues upon return to the home location and helpful in avoiding discontent from the expat. That said, a short-term repatriation allowance can help ease the transition as well. In addition, management should consider offering a retention bonus for staying with the company for an additional two years after the assignment. Continuing tax support is essential for trailing tax liabilities in the host and home countries. Through this benefit, management may also find opportunities to bring cash back to the company and reduce some of the tax costs of the assignment.

Educate and engage others

It sounds simple, but a personal thank you and meeting with senior leadership at the company can go a long way to making the expat feel valued and welcomed back home. Further, companies should encourage and help the expat provide colleagues and prospective expats with a realistic picture of what they achieved, how they developed professionally, what they had to give up or put on hold to participate, and the cultural experience of the assignment location. Involve family members where possible and appropriate to fill in the picture.

Career Development

According to the Brookfield survey, the best method for retaining expats after they return to their home locations is to offer opportunities to use their international experience. A good repatriation program will ensure the expat comes back to an available position that is considered an advancement from pre-assignment; offering a greater choice of positions is effective as well. In any event, career discussions should start in earnest six to 12 months before return to the home location.

Families

It can be difficult to overstate the impact of the expat’s family members’ opinions of the repatriation on the returning expat. After all, family members living with the expat (and, to some extent, those who stay behind in the home country) made a commitment to the sponsoring firm as well. Immediate family members may be asked to put their own careers on hold or raise families in a foreign location. Extended family members may not see their loved ones for months or years at a time. The impact that families have on the expat’s future can be significant, and the importance of seeing the return home as positive experience should not be underestimated.

Ongoing Support

Regular business trips back to the home country throughout the assignment can ensure the expat does not return to an unfamiliar and isolating environment. If the return is not to the original location of departure, continued logistical support can help ease this transition. For example, connecting expats with mentors who are based in the home (or eventual) location can help keep expats in the loop and in the minds of their home-country colleagues throughout their assignments. Transition counseling can help counter the negative culture shock that a return home can often have on expats and their families.

Continuous improvement

Candidly ask the expat for feedback on the assignment and how it can be improved, then engage the expat in helping to implement those changes. Involve the expat (and, where appropriate, the expat’s family) in shaping and supporting the next group of expats.

Challenges faced by Repatriates

Many people face both work-related and personal repatriation challenges:

Work-related

• Loss of visibility and isolation
• Changes in the home workplace
• Adjusting to the re-entry position
• Others devaluing the international experience

Personal

• Making assumptions of how quickly you will fit back in
• Unrealistic expectations of life at home and how it has changed
• Social readjustment as friend and family relationships have changed
• Difficulty supporting family members experiencing reverse culture shock

Female expatriates are becoming more and more prominent today, as traditional roles are shifting, and the world is changing, allowing for new ways to live and work. While their number is growing, they are not a monolithic entity, and women who choose to expatriate are working either for multinationals who send them on international assignments, or self-employed entrepreneurs. Also, they can be single, married, with or without children.

The expatriate population can be rather eclectic, especially as more unconventional lifestyles and working conditions have been emerging in the past decades, but it is possible to distinguish common situations and characteristics.

First of all, it is important to know that around 10% of the women who expatriate are in marriages where traditional roles and status are reversed, as they are the primary income earner of the household.

This is quite a meaningful point that shows how expatriation, while becoming more widespread, is still something of an unusual choice or option for women who follow a rather common path in life and work.

Besides this element, four categories can be used to define a female expatriate. The “refugee“, as the name suggests, simply wants or needs to get out of her home country, usually because of the prevailing social, political or economic situation, while the “explorer” is more interested in traveling for culture, discovery and adventure, and enjoys the prestige of her status abroad.

Selection criteria

The most crucial and common criterion used by companies selecting candidates for expatriation is technical competence.

The reason is simple: not only are technical skills the most obvious factor for success or failure, they are also the easiest to determine, since companies usually assess their employees as part of the application process.

Then, relational abilities are essential when it comes to a successful international experience, as they denote a capacity to communicate with and relate to locals in the host country, which constitutes a huge part of the expatriate experience.

Centered around psychological characteristics, they also include cultural awareness and emotional intelligence.

Another key criterion is the ability to adapt to new environments, especially in terms of corporate, legal, political, social and economic structures. Indeed, those could be extremely different from what the expatriate knows, and it’s important to understand them clearly.

An element than can be significant in certain countries and regions of the world if the ability to build strong bonds and establish lasting friendships with locals, as it is ultimately a way to constitute a network in the host country.

The drivers to expatriation

Similarly, to the causes and reasons, the motivations to relocate for work can be numerous and very personal. However, they usually fall into common categories.

The perspective of career advancement is a frequent motivation for women to take a chance abroad, when they may face a glass ceiling in their current position.

The opportunity to achieve a better financial situation is also a key driver to work in another country, where economic conditions are better.

On a more personal note, yearning for independence is a strong factor, as many women feel they are not free to live and work as they please.

Also, self-fulfillment is something they aspire to, and they may consider it is easier to reach their full potential outside of their home country.

Social status is another key driver for expatriation, since this kind of experience is usually seen as a way to be part of higher circles.

Barriers to Gender Parity in the Global Workforce

As is, there is a significant gender disparity throughout the expatriate workforce as a whole. On a global scale, only 14% of employees currently on international assignment are women. Of course, this statistic varies by industry and region, but from a high-level, it’s remains painfully obvious that even in the most mature markets, parity is nowhere close to where it needs to be.

• A lack of women considered “qualified” in a company’s succession pipeline (that is, females who have enough of the right experience to supposedly take on an international assignment).
• Unconscious bias during the selection process (such as misguided assumptions about a woman’s suitability for international relocation in certain areas or willingness to take them on).
• A lack of visible assignment opportunities for women (the jobs are there but might not be seen/made visible to women).
• A lack of practical support or flexible working arrangements in regards to managing multiple careers, family issues, or some other factor that might impede their ability to work on assignment.
• A lack of women volunteering for expat positions (whether due to a lack of organizational role models, lack of appropriate company incentives to move, or any number of other reasons).

PCN (Parent-country nationals) are employees whose nationality is the same as that of the firm headquarters, when a company of a country recruits employee from its own country is known as PCN. Here the country is called parent country. For example, a German employee of a German company who is working at a Chinese subsidiary.

HCN (Host-country nationals) are employees who have the same nationality as the local subsidiary. When a company of a country runs their business in another country and recruits’ employees from that country then it is known as HCN. Here the second country is the host country. This could be a Chinese employee working at the Chinese subsidiary of the German company

TCN (Third-country nationals) are employees whose nationality is different from that of either the headquarters or the subsidiary office. In the above scenario, this might mean an Indian employee working at the Chinese office of the German company. They are the citizens of one country employed by a company from another country who worked in a third country.