Tag: Quantitative Techniques-II
Business Statistics Bangalore University BBA 3rd Semester NEP Notes
Unit 1 Introduction to Statistics {Book} | |
Introduction, Meaning, Definitions, Features, Objectives, Functions, Importance and Limitations of Statistics | VIEW |
Important Terminologies in Statistics: Data, Primary Data, Secondary Data, Population, Census Survey, Sample Survey, Sampling, Parameter, Unit, Variable Quantitative Variable, Qualitative Variable, Dependent Variable, Independent Variable | VIEW |
Series: Individual, Discrete and Continuous | VIEW |
Classification of Data Types | VIEW |
Requisites of Good Classification of Data. Frequency, Class Interval, Tally Bar | VIEW |
Frequency Distribution Formation (simple illustrations). | VIEW |
Unit 2 Tabulation and Presentation of Data {Book} | |
Types of Presentation of Data, Textual Presentation | VIEW |
Tabular Presentation | VIEW |
One-way Table, Two-way Table | VIEW |
Diagrammatic and Graphical Presentation, Rules for Construction of Diagrams and Graphs | VIEW |
Types of Diagrams: | |
One Dimensional Simple Bar Diagram, Subdivided Bar Diagram, Multiple Bar Diagram, Percentage Bar Diagram | VIEW |
Two-Dimensional Diagram, Pie Chart | VIEW |
Graphs, Histogram | VIEW |
Frequency Polygon | VIEW |
Ogives curve | VIEW |
Unit 3 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion {Book} | ||
Meaning, Definition, Features Requisite of ideal average | VIEW | |
Types: Mathematical and Positional | VIEW | |
Arithmetic Mean: Simple and weighted Average | VIEW | |
MEDIAN | VIEW | |
Positional average, Related positional averages graph Location | ||
MODE | VIEW | |
Identification under individual and Discrete series by inspection method | VIEW | |
Grouping table preparation | VIEW | |
Calculation of Mode by using Relationship of mean and median, that is empirical formula | VIEW | |
Graphical location of mode | VIEW | VIEW |
VIEW | VIEW | |
Meaning of Measures of dispersion | VIEW | VIEW |
Standard Deviation and their Co- efficient of variation problems on direct method only | VIEW |
Unit 4 Correlation and Regression Analysis {Book} | ||
Meaning and Types of Correlation | VIEW | |
VIEW | VIEW | |
Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation. | VIEW | |
Spearman’s Rank Correlation, Coefficient problems including repeated rank assignment | VIEW | |
Meaning of Regression | VIEW | |
Regression Lines | VIEW | |
Finding correlation coefficient using Regression Coefficients | VIEW | |
Regression Equations and estimating the variable | VIEW | |
Unit 5 Index Number {Book} | |
Meaning and Definitions, features & Classification | VIEW |
Methods of Construction index number | VIEW |
Simple, Aggregates | VIEW |
Simple Average of price Relatives method, Weighted index method | VIEW |
Fisher Ideal Index Number Test of Adequacy: Unit test, Time reversal test, Factor reversal test and circular test | VIEW |
Consumer Price Index number | VIEW |
Investments in Commodity Markets Bangalore University B.com 4th Semester NEP Notes
Unit 1 Introduction to Commodity Markets | |
Commodities Features, Classification and Origin of commodities markets | VIEW |
VIEW | |
Difference between Stock and Commodities Market | VIEW |
Purpose of commodity markets | VIEW |
Eco system of commodity market | VIEW |
Players in commodity trading | VIEW |
Commodities markets in India: Prospects and Challenges | VIEW |
Unit 2 Commodity Derivatives Overview | ||
Introduction, economic benefits of derivatives | VIEW | VIEW |
Types of commodity derivatives | VIEW | |
Features of derivatives market | VIEW | |
Factors contributing to the growth of derivatives | VIEW | |
Functions of derivative markets | VIEW | |
Exchange traded versus OTC derivatives | VIEW | |
Traders in Derivatives markets | VIEW | |
Derivatives market in India | VIEW | |
Unit 3 Commodity Exchanges | |
Commodity Exchanges, Platform, Structure, Exchange membership, Capital requirements | VIEW |
Commodities traded on National exchanges | VIEW |
Instruments available for trading and Electronic Spot Exchanges | VIEW |
Products in commodity exchanges: Futures, forwards and Options [Features, Mechanics of buying & selling] | VIEW |
Major Commodity exchanges in India | VIEW |
Unit 4 Trading and Settlement in Commodity Markets | ||
Trading, Clearing and Settlement in Derivatives Market | VIEW | |
VIEW | VIEW | |
SEBI Guidelines | VIEW | |
Trading Mechanism | VIEW | |
Types of Orders in Derivatives Market | VIEW | |
Clearing Mechanism | VIEW | |
NSCCL, its Objectives and Functions | VIEW | |
Settlement Mechanism, Types of Settlement | VIEW | |
Types of Risk | VIEW | VIEW |
Types of Margins, SPAN Margin | VIEW |
Corporate Governance Bangalore University B.com 4th Semester NEP Notes
Unit 1 Corporate Governance | |
Corporate Governance Introduction, Its Importance | VIEW |
Principles, OECD Principles of corporate governance | VIEW |
Theories of Corporate governance: Agency theory and Stewardship theory | VIEW |
Models of Corporate governance around the world | VIEW |
Need for good Corporate governance | VIEW |
Evolution of Corporate Governance: Ancient and Modern Concept | VIEW |
Generation of Value from Performance | VIEW |
Nature and Scope of Corporate Governance | VIEW |
Unit 2 Corporate and Board Management | ||
Corporate Business Ownership Structure | VIEW | |
Single Person Company | VIEW | |
Partnership company | VIEW | |
Cooperatives Company | VIEW | |
Joint Sector Company | VIEW | |
Public enterprise | VIEW | |
Board of Directors, Role | VIEW | |
Board of Directors Composition, | VIEW | |
Board of Directors Systems and Procedures | VIEW | |
Types of Directors: Promoter/Nominee/Shareholder/Independent | VIEW | |
Rights, Duties and Responsibilities of Directors, Fiduciary relationship | VIEW | |
Role of Directors and Executives | VIEW | |
Responsibility for Leadership | VIEW | |
Harmony between Directors and Executives | VIEW | |
Training of Directors: Need, objective, methodology | VIEW | |
Scope and Responsibilities for directors | VIEW | |
Competencies for directors | VIEW | |
Executive Management Process | VIEW | |
Executive Remuneration | VIEW | |
Functional Committees of Board | VIEW | VIEW |
Rights and Relationship of Shareholders and Other Stakeholders | VIEW | |
Unit 3 Legal and Regulatory Framework of Corporate Governance | ||
Need for Legislation of Corporate Governance | VIEW | VIEW |
Legislative Provisions of Corporate Governance in Companies Act 1956 | VIEW | |
Securities (Contracts and Regulations) Act, 1956 (SCRA) | VIEW | |
Depositories Act 1996 | VIEW | |
Securities and Exchange Board of India Act 1992 | VIEW | VIEW |
Listing Agreement | VIEW | |
Banking Regulation Act, 1949 | VIEW | |
Other Corporate Laws | VIEW | |
Legal Provisions relating to Investor Protection | VIEW | VIEW |
Unit 4 Board Committees and Role of Professionals | |
Board Committees: Remuneration Committee, Shareholders’ Grievance Committee, Other committees | VIEW |
Audit Committee | VIEW |
Need, Functions and Advantages of Committee Management | VIEW |
Constitution and Scope of Board Committees, Board Committees Charter | VIEW |
Terms of Reference and Accountability and Performance Appraisals | VIEW |
Attendance and participation in committee meetings | VIEW |
Independence of Members of Board Committees | VIEW |
Disclosures in Annual Report | VIEW |
Integrity of Financial Reporting Systems | VIEW |
Role of Professionals in Board Committees | VIEW |
Role of Company Secretaries in compliance of Corporate Governance | VIEW |
Unit 5 Corporate Governance Codes and Practices | ||
Corporate Governance Codes and Practices Introduction, Study of Codes of Corporate Governance | VIEW | |
Major Expert Committees’ Reports of India | VIEW | VIEW |
VIEW | VIEW | |
Best Practices of Corporate Governance | VIEW | |
Value Creation through Corporate Governance | VIEW | |
Corporate Governance Ratings | VIEW |
Business Regulations Bangalore University B.com 4th Semester NEP Notes
Unit 1 Introduction [Book] | ||
Meaning, Definition of Business Law | VIEW | |
Sources of Business Law | VIEW | |
Types of Business Law | VIEW | |
Employment Law | VIEW | |
Immigration Law | VIEW | |
Consumer Goods Sales Law | VIEW | VIEW |
Contract Law | VIEW | VIEW |
Antitrust Law | VIEW | |
Intellectual Property Law | VIEW | |
Business Formation Law | VIEW |
Unit 2 Contract Law [Book] | ||
Indian Contract Act 1872, Definition and meaning of Contract | VIEW | |
Essentials of Valid contract | VIEW | |
Classification of contract | VIEW | |
Breach of Contract | VIEW | |
Remedies to Breach of Contract | VIEW | |
Sale of Goods Act 1930; Definition of contract of sale | VIEW | |
Essentials of contract of sale | VIEW | |
Conditions and Warrantees | VIEW | VIEW |
Rights and Duties of buyer | VIEW | |
Rights of unpaid seller | VIEW | |
Unit 3 Intellectual Property Rights and Information Technology Law [Book] | ||
Intellectual Property Rights Introduction, Need | VIEW | |
Kinds of Intellectual Property Rights Meaning: | ||
Patents | VIEW | |
Copyrights | VIEW | |
Trademarks | VIEW | |
Trade Secrets | VIEW | |
Geographical Indication | VIEW | |
Patents Meaning, Salient Features of Patents | VIEW | |
Conditions for an Invention to be Patented | VIEW | |
Procedure for obtaining a Patent | VIEW | |
Opposition to Grant of Patents, Term and Expire of Patent | VIEW | |
Restoration and surrender of Lapsed patents | VIEW | |
Remedies available to the Patent owner for Infringement of Patent Rights | VIEW | |
Information Technology Act 2000 Introduction, Need and objective of Information Technology Act | VIEW | |
Cyber Law in India | VIEW | VIEW |
Cyber Crimes Meaning and Types | VIEW | |
Cyber Crimes Offences and penalties | VIEW | |
Cyber space, Digital signature | VIEW | |
Private key, Public key | VIEW | |
Encryption | VIEW | |
Digital signature certificate | VIEW | |
Unit 4 Competition and Consumer Laws [Book] | |
Competition Act 2002, Objectives | VIEW |
Features of Competition Act 2002 | VIEW |
Competition Appellate Tribunal | VIEW |
Offences and Penalties under Competition Act 2002 | VIEW |
Competition Commission of India; Powers and Duties | VIEW |
Consumer Protection Act 1986, Introduction, Objectives and Need | VIEW |
Consumer | VIEW |
Consumer Dispute | VIEW |
Defect, Deficiency, Unfair Trade Practices and Services | VIEW |
Rights of Consumer | VIEW |
Consumer Redressal Agencies: District Forum, State Commission and National Commission | VIEW |
Unit 5 Environment Protection Law [Book] | |
Environment Protection Act 1986, Objectives, Definitions of Environment, Environment Pollutant, Environment pollution, Hazardous Substances and Occupier | VIEW |
VIEW | |
Types of Pollution | VIEW |
Powers of Central Government to protect Environment in India | VIEW |
Advanced Corporate Accounting Bangalore University B.com 4th Semester NEP Notes
Unit 1 Redemption of Preference Shares [Book] | ||
Meaning, legal provisions | VIEW | |
Treatment regarding premium on redemption | VIEW | VIEW |
Creation of Capital Redemption Reserve Account | VIEW | |
Fresh issue of shares | VIEW | VIEW |
Arranging for Cash balance for the purpose of redemption | VIEW | |
Minimum number of Shares to be issued for redemption | VIEW | |
Issue of bonus shares | VIEW | VIEW |
Preparation of Balance sheet (Vertical forms) after redemption | VIEW |
Unit 2 Mergers and Acquisition of Companies [Book] | |
Meaning of Amalgamation and Acquisition | VIEW |
Types of Amalgamation, Amalgamation in the Nature of Merger & Purchase | VIEW |
Methods of Purchase Consideration | VIEW |
Calculation of Purchase Consideration (Ind AS 103) | VIEW |
Net Asset Method | VIEW |
Net Payment Method | VIEW |
Accounting for Amalgamation | VIEW |
Entries and Ledger Accounts in the Books of Transferor Company and Transferee Company | VIEW |
Preparation of new Balance sheet. (Vertical Format) (Excluding External Reconstruction) | VIEW |
Unit 3 Internal Reconstruction [Book] | |
Introduction, Meaning and Need for Internal Reconstruction | VIEW |
Types of Capital Reduction | VIEW |
Objectives of Capital Reduction | VIEW |
Legal Provisions for Reduction of Share Capital under Companies Act, 2013 | VIEW |
Accounting for Capital Reduction | VIEW |
Problems on Journal Entries | VIEW |
Preparation of Capital Reduction Account | VIEW |
Preparation of Reconstructed Balance sheet | VIEW |
Unit 4 Liquidation of Companies [Book] | |||
Liquidation of Companies Meaning, Types of Liquidation | VIEW | VIEW | VIEW |
Modes of Winding up | VIEW | VIEW | |
Order of Payment | VIEW | VIEW | |
Calculation of Liquidator’s Remuneration | VIEW | ||
Preparation of Liquidators Final Statement of Account | VIEW |
Unit 5 Recent Developments in Accounting & Accounting Standard’s [Book] | ||
Meaning, Definitions, Characteristics, Functions and Importance of Human Resource Accounting | VIEW | |
Inflation Accounting | VIEW | |
Investment Accounting | VIEW | |
Automated accounting process | VIEW | |
Cloud based accounting | VIEW | |
Data analytics and forecasting tools | VIEW | VIEW |
Rise of accounting software solutions | VIEW | |
Blockchain | VIEW | |
Forensic Accountancy | VIEW | |
Advisory Services | VIEW | VIEW |
Artificial Intelligence in Accounting | VIEW | |
Big Data in Accounting | VIEW | |
Remote Work Setting | VIEW | |
Outsourcing of Accounting of Functions | VIEW | |
Changing financial standards | VIEW | |
Workplace wellness accounting, etc. | VIEW | |
Others | ||
Meaning, Definitions, Characteristics, Functions and Importance of Environmental Accounting | VIEW | |
Meaning, Definitions, Characteristics, Functions and Importance of Sustainability accounting | VIEW | |
Meaning, Definitions, Characteristics, Functions and Importance of Public expenditure accounting | VIEW | |
Meaning, Definitions, Characteristics, Functions and Importance of Social Responsibility Accounting | VIEW |
Investments in Stock Market Bangalore University B.com 3rd Semester NEP Notes
Unit 1 Introduction to Investment [Book] | ||
Meaning, Objectives of Investment | VIEW | VIEW |
Difference between Savings and Investment | VIEW | |
Golden principles of investment | VIEW | |
The investment environment | VIEW | |
The investor life cycle | VIEW | VIEW |
Investment avenues in India | VIEW | VIEW |
Unit 2 Risk & Returns on Investment [Book] | ||
Risk and return trade-off | VIEW | |
Measuring returns: ROI, Absolute returns, Annualized return | VIEW | |
Extended Internal Rate of Return (XIRR) | VIEW | |
Types of risks in investments | VIEW | VIEW |
Systematic and Unsystematic Risk | VIEW | VIEW |
Measuring Risk: Standard deviation and Beta | VIEW | |
Managing risks in investments | VIEW | VIEW |
Unit 3 Investment Analysis [Book] | ||
Investment Analysis | VIEW | |
Features of fundamental analysis, Top-down vs. Bottom-up fundamental analysis | VIEW | |
VIEW | ||
Components of economic analysis | VIEW | |
Economic Analysis: International & Domestic economic scenario | VIEW | |
Economic forecasting techniques | VIEW | VIEW |
Characteristics of an industry analysis | VIEW | |
Key components of an industry | VIEW | |
Porter’s Five Forces of Competition framework | VIEW | |
Company analysis: Financial and Non-financial parameters | VIEW | |
Technical Analysis: Concept, Assumptions and Approaches | VIEW | |
Difference between fundamental and Technical analysis | VIEW | |
Chart patterns and analysis | VIEW | VIEW |
Moving averages | VIEW | |
Trend analysis | VIEW | VIEW |
Efficient market hypothesis | VIEW |
Unit 4 Investing in Stock Market [Book] | ||
Stock exchange, Features | VIEW | |
History of Stock exchanges in India | VIEW | |
BSE and NSE | VIEW | VIEW |
Role of stock exchanges | VIEW | |
Players in stock markets | VIEW | VIEW |
Role of SEBI | VIEW | VIEW |
Ways of investing in Stock market | VIEW | |
DEMAT account | VIEW | |
Trading account | VIEW | |
Trading Process in stock exchanges | VIEW |
Entrepreneurship Skills Bangalore University B.com 3rd Semester NEP Notes
Unit 1 Introduction to entrepreneur & Entrepreneurship [Book] | |
Meaning, Definition, Types of Entrepreneurs | VIEW |
Types of Entrepreneurs | VIEW |
Functions of Entrepreneur | VIEW |
Skills/Traits required to be an entrepreneur | VIEW |
Problems faced by Entrepreneur | VIEW |
Advantages and Disadvantages of entrepreneurship | VIEW |
Difference between Intrapreneur and Entrepreneur | VIEW |
Unit 2 Skillsets for Entrepreneur [Book] | ||
Introduction to Entrepreneurial Skills | VIEW | |
Skillsets for Entrepreneur: | ||
Communication Skills | VIEW | VIEW |
Creative thinking Skills | VIEW | VIEW |
Leadership Skills | VIEW | |
Sales Skills | VIEW | VIEW |
Negotiation Skills | VIEW | VIEW |
Self-Motivational Skills | VIEW | |
Forms of Entrepreneurial Skills: | ||
Business management skills | VIEW | |
Teamwork skills | VIEW | VIEW |
Leadership skills | VIEW | |
Customer service skills | VIEW | |
Financial skills | VIEW | |
Analytical and problem-solving skills | VIEW | VIEW |
Strategic thinking and Planning skills | VIEW | |
Technical skills for Entrepreneurial | VIEW | |
Time Management skills | VIEW | VIEW |
Organizational skills | VIEW | |
Branding, Marketing and Networking skills | VIEW | |
Procedure to improve entrepreneurial skills | VIEW |
Unit 3 Institutional Programs for Entrepreneurship [Book] | |
Entrepreneurship Development Programme, Problems of EDP | VIEW |
Need for EDP | VIEW |
National and State Level Institutions for Entrepreneurship Development Programme: SISI, SIDO, NSIC, EDI, NIESBUD, NAYA, CEDOK, KSWDC, EDC | VIEW |
Business Plan, Meaning, Importance | VIEW |
Steps involved in preparing a Business Plan, | VIEW |
Financial, Marketing, Human Resource Factors | VIEW |
Technical and Social aspects of the Business Plan | VIEW |
Common pitfalls to be avoided while preparing a Business Plan | VIEW |
Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) Meaning, Definition, Investment limit | VIEW |
Role played by MSME in the development of Indian Economy, | VIEW |
Problems faced by MSME and the steps taken to solve the problems. | VIEW |
Unit 4 Promoting Entrepreneur [Book] | |||
Indian Entrepreneur | VIEW | ||
Promoting Entrepreneurs in India | VIEW | ||
Startup India | VIEW | ||
Funds for Startup: | |||
Angel Investors | VIEW | ||
Crowd funding | VIEW | ||
Venture C Funding From Business Incubators | VIEW | ||
VIEW | VIEW | VIEW | |
Government Schemes for Startup Funding | VIEW | ||
Gramin Banks | VIEW | ||
PMMY MUDRA Loan, | VIEW | ||
DIC, SIDA, SISI, NSIC, and SIDO, etc. | VIEW | ||
Women Entrepreneur Meaning | VIEW | ||
Role played by Women Entrepreneur in the Economic Development | VIEW | ||
Problems faced by Women Entrepreneur | VIEW | ||
Ways to Overcome the Challenges of Women Entrepreneurs | VIEW |
Advantages and Disadvantages of Entrepreneurship
An entrepreneur is an individual who creates a new business, bearing most of the risks and enjoying most of the rewards. The process of setting up a business is known as entrepreneurship. The entrepreneur is commonly seen as an innovator, a source of new ideas, goods, services, and business/or procedures.
Entrepreneurs play a key role in any economy, using the skills and initiative necessary to anticipate needs and bring good new ideas to market. Entrepreneurship that proves to be successful in taking on the risks of creating a startup is rewarded with profits, fame, and continued growth opportunities. Entrepreneurship that fails results in losses and less prevalence in the markets for those involved.
Advantages of Entrepreneurship
- Motivating: As entrepreneurs start making decisions and get successful results, they become more motivated and engaged to work hard to ensure success in their business.
- Autonomy: People enjoy more autonomy or freedom in entrepreneurship as they invest their time, money, and efforts into the business to make it successful. They are more involved and self-driven as there is no one to interfere or ask for explanations of their decisions.
- Flexibility: Entrepreneurship allows working without a fixed routine time that helps to organize other works with better control and flexibility. This can improve mental and physical well-being.
- Develop skills: Entrepreneurship involves overcoming challenges that develop the growth mindset and professional abilities. It gives first-hand knowledge and experience that helps to develop leadership skills and managerial techniques.
- Career orientation: Entrepreneurship allows someone to align his desire and passion into the work and incorporate his values and beliefs into the business. This can help him to move in a career path of his choice.
- Economic development: A successful venture gives a lot of scope to improve earnings by own efforts and involvement that is not possible in any jobs. There are various opportunities and ways that can be explored to gain a competitive advantage and profitability.
- Meeting people: When a new business is started, there are possibilities to connect with people having exposure and experience in that particular field. Interaction with like-minded people helps to focus on the work more strategically and ambitiously.
- Building your own team: Entrepreneurs have the freedom to choose their team to work with, select their clients and partners. He has the sole decision-making power about the functioning of his company, its policies, and its culture.
- New experiences: Entrepreneurship gives new experiences and challenges that are often unexpected. This helps to gain new lessons and develop problem-solving and decision-making abilities that are useful for the further growth of the business.
- Get full rewards: In an entrepreneurship journey, the success of a business is enjoyed by the entrepreneur with no one else to claim. One can enjoy the profit and re-invest it into the business towards further growth.
Disadvantages of Entrepreneurship
- Financial instability: In the initial stages of entrepreneurship, there can be more outflow of money as an investment as compared to the return from business. As a self-employed person, it becomes a big challenge for financial security.
- Need to devote more time: As an entrepreneur, one needs to devote a lot of time to establishing the business without having the luxury of fixed working hours.
- Risk of failure: The initial stages of the entrepreneur journey may be very challenging and there are risks that the business strategies may not work resulting in losses in business.
- Uncertain income: Entrepreneurship doesn’t ensure a steady and certain income as in jobs. When in the job, there is a fixed monthly income but in entrepreneurship, the income flow is uncertain and not guaranteed especially in the early stage of a business venture.
- Create new customers: Customers often prefer established businesses for purchasing products and availing services. Some customers often rely on public reviews and personal references. As a startup business, it is difficult to build a customer base and takes time to develop brand awareness.
- Greater competition: As an entrepreneur, it becomes difficult to compete with established businesses in the same field due to a lack of resources in terms of knowledge, experience, and customer support.
- Lack of investors/partners: Some ventures require a lot of investment but it is difficult to find investors or partners to work with due to the absence of a history of financial success. Sometimes entrepreneurs start a business in debt and have to work very hard to recover in course of time.
- More responsibilities: As an entrepreneur, one has to look after a lot of things related to business and take care of finances, legal issues, manpower, sales, customer support, and many other things to keep the company functioning systematically.