Month: August 2020

Marketing may be defined as the collection of activities undertaken by the firm to relate profitability to its market. Marketing in the modem context goes beyond its immediate role as a process through which exchange of goods and services takes place and is viewed as an integral part of the total socio­economic system which provides the framework within which activities take place.

Marketing may be defined as the collection of activities undertaken by the firm to relate profitability to its market. Marketing in the modem context goes beyond its immediate role as a process through which exchange of goods and services takes place and is viewed as an integral part of the total socio­economic system which provides the framework within which activities take place. It is, therefore, imperative to understand the total structure of the society in order to gain an insight into the true character of the marketing system.

Marketing involves the performance of operation in a business system. It includes those operations that determine existing and obtained changes in the market. It also includes those operations that influence existing and potential demand. It is concerned with all activities that are concerned with the physical distribution of goods and their exchange in the market place, including channel of selection, transportation, shipping, warehousing, storage, inventory control and so on and so forth.

Thus marketing covers a wide range of interrelated business activities that enlarge the role of a marketer from one of selling, what has been produced, to one of influencing, what is to be produced. The main concern of marketing is to identify and satisfy specific customer needs by means of specific products or services; wherein lies the key to profit.

The term marketing can be broadly described as:

(i) Micro-marketing

Micro-marketing may be described as the process of formulating and implementing certain strategies by a firm that ensures flow of need satisfying goods and services at a profit, Micro-marketing is responsible for effective performance of the strategies of product planning pricing, promoting and distributing.

(ii) Macro-marketing

Macro-marketing is concerned with how effectively a society uses its resources and how fairly it allocates its output of goods and services. Macro-marketing is responsible for effective performance of functions like information function, equalising and distribution function and centralised exchange function.

Marketing environment refers to external factors and forces that affect the company’s ability to develop and maintain successful transactions and relationships with its target consumers.

Role of Marketing

Marketing innovations and technical changes now occur at an ever increasing rate in the field of FMCGs and electronics. Industrial products, however, in the industrial field are often a case of changing technology. The needs of consumers undergo a change.

New competition is coming from all directions—from global competitors eager to grow sales in new markets; from online competitors seeking cost-efficient ways to expand distribution; from private label and store-brands designed to low price alternatives, and brand extensions from strong megabrands leveraging their strengths to move into new categories. The global market pattern is made possible by the development of international transportation and communication system and liberalisation policies adopted by different countries at present.

Modem marketing has much deviated from the past and undergone radical changes in recent years. Marketing is a managerial function, primarily economic, consisting of activities like research into markets, demand forecasting, product planning, pricing, distribution and advertising, organised into a system of interdependencies and directed at yielding profits to the enterprises, providing satisfaction to the consumers and indirectly benefiting society at large.

Marketing has to play an important role. It is the most important multiplier and an effective engine of economic development. It mobilises latent economic energy and thus is the creator of small business. Marketing is the developer of the standard of product and services.

Besides, economic integration is made possible through proper distribution of the product. Distribution is the key area in modem marketing. The importance of distribution will become clearer when it is realised that most of the marketing failures are in fact distribution failures.

Shortage of raw materials, escalating cost of energy, high level of pollution, changing role of government in environmental protection are some of the dangers that the present world is facing on environmental forces. Advances in technology are an important uncontrollable environment for marketers. Technological progress creates new avenues of opportunity and also poses threat for individual companies.

Certain types of technological developments by competitors may result in loss of markets.

Markets are efficient when the price of a good or service attracts exactly as much demand as the market can currently supply. The chief function of the market is to adjust prices to accommodate fluctuations in supply and demand in order to achieve allocative efficiency. An economic system in which goods and services are exchanged by market functions is called a market economy.

Current Concepts in Marketing

(i) Social Marketing

Philip Kotler has defined his social marketing concept as a management orientation aimed at generating customer satisfaction and long-run consumer and public welfare and as the key to satisfying organizational goals and responsibilities. Social marketing is the application of marketing theories and techniques to social situations.

(ii) Over Marketing

It constitutes the striving by a firm to generate increased sales while neglecting quality control, production efficiency and cash flow management.

(iii) Meta Marketing

It is the synthesis of all managerial, traditional, scientific, social and historical foundations of marketing and includes specialization on the inter-relationships of mental and physical processes to supplement the facts and empirical observations of marketing practice.

(iv) De-marketing

It is a situation which may come about as a result of temporary shortages occasioned by short-term excess demand for a company’s products. De-marketing is that aspect of marketing that deals with discouraging customers in general or a certain class of customers in particular on either a temporary or a permanent basis.

(v) Remarketing

It takes the form of finding or creating new uses of users for an existing product. Actually, marketing is a method by which new type of satisfactions are created for old products. But de-marketing is the opposite of the marketing concept, while at the same time remarketing creates new satisfaction for the consumer.

(vi) Relationship Marketing

It is the process of building long-term trusting win-win relationship with customers, distributors, dealers and suppliers. It also promises and delivers high quality efficient services and fair prices to the other party over time. It requires building mutual trust and rapport between the business and its customers.

(vii) Controversial Marketing

Negative demand is common to many products. Controversial marketing is that type of planned marketing which aims at causing demand to rise from negative to positive, and eventually equals the positive supply level. Here the marketer has to take necessary measures to counter it.

(viii) Stimulational Marketing

Stimulational marketing is that type of marketing which transforms a no demand situation into one of positive demand by connecting a product to some existing need through change of environment or spread of knowledge about it.

(ix) Developmental Marketing

Developmental marketing relates to innovation. The marketing has to bring out altogether new useful products or improving existing products so as to have new uses.

Growth of Marketing

In the growth of marketing, the marketing era began virtually after the Second World War. Producers found that consumers in general, particularly in the advanced countries of the west, had their basic needs more or less satisfied. They had become more selective about their purchases. It was a challenging situation.

Marketing came to the rescue by helping to find out what goods were needed the most, who needed them most, in what quantities they were needed and so on. Manufacturing organizations set up separate departments of marketing which provided guidelines to the plants about the right kind of products, right quantities and right prices.

During this period, special importance came to be attached to markets and consumers. At present, marketing starts with assessing the needs of the consumers and then tries to meet them via product planning, pricing and other ways.

Functions of Marketing

1. Gathering and Analyzing Market Information

Gathering and analyzing market information is an important function of marketing. Under it, an effort is made to understand the consumer thoroughly in the following ways:

• What do the consumers want?
• In what quantity?
• At what price?
• When do they want (it)?
• What kind of advertisement do they like?
• Where do they want (it)?

What kind of distribution system do they like? All the relevant information about the consumer is collected and analysed. On the basis of this analysis an effort is made to find out as to which product has the best opportunities in the market.

2. Marketing Planning

In order to achieve the objectives of an organization with regard to its marketing, the marketeer chalks out his marketing plan. For example, a company has a 25% market share of a particular product.

The company wants to raise it to 40%. In order to achieve this objective the marketer has to prepare a plan in respect of the level of production and promotion efforts. It will also be decided as to who will do what, when and how. To do this is known as marketing planning.

3. Product Designing and Development

Product designing plays an important role in product selling. The company whose product is better and attractively designed sells more than the product of a company whose design happens to be weak and unattractive.

In this way, it can be said that the possession of a special design affords a company to a competitive advantage. It is important to remember that it is not sufficient to prepare a design in respect of a product, but it is more important to develop it continuously.

4. Standardization and Grading

Standardization refers to determining of standard regarding size, quality, design, weight, colour, raw material to be used, etc., in respect of a particular product. By doing so, it is ascertained that the given product will have some peculiarities.

This way, sale is made possible on the basis of samples. Mostly, it is the practice that the traders look at the samples and place purchase order for a large quantity of the product concerned. The basis of it is that goods supplied conform to the same standard as shown in the sample.

Products having the same characteristics (or standard) are placed in a given category or grade. This placing is called grading. For example, a company produces commodity – X, having three grades, namely A’. ‘B’ and ‘C’, representing three levels of quality; best, medium and ordinary respectively.

Customers who want best quality will be shown ‘A’ grade product. This way, the customer will have no doubt in his mind that a low grade product has been palmed off to him. Grading, therefore, makes sale-purchase easy. Grading process is mostly used in case of agricultural products like food grains, cotton, tobacco, apples, mangoes, etc.

5. Packaging and Labelling

Packaging aims at avoiding breakage, damage, destruction, etc., of the goods during transit and storage. Packaging facilitates handling, lifting, conveying of the goods. Many a time, customers demand goods in different quantities. It necessitates special packaging. Packing material includes bottles, canister, plastic bags, tin or wooden boxes, jute bags etc.

Label is a slip which is found on the product itself or on the package providing all the information regarding the product and its producer. This can either be in the form of a cover or a seal.

For example, the name of the medicine on its bottle along with the manufacturer’s name, the formula used for making the medicine, date of manufacturing, expiry date, batch no., price etc., are printed on the slip thereby giving all the information regarding the medicine to the consumer. The slip carrying all these is details called Label and the process of preparing it as Labelling.

6. Branding

Every producer/seller wants that his product should have special identity in the market. In order to realise his wish he has to give a name to his product which has to be distinct from other competitors.

Giving of distinct name to one’s product is called branding. Thus, the objective of branding is to show that the products of a given company are different from that of the competitors, so that it has its own identity.

For instance, if a company wants to popularise its commodity – X under the name of “777” (triple seven) then its brand will be called “777”. It is possible that another company is selling a similar commodity under AAA (Triple ‘A’) brand name.

Under these circumstances, both the companies will succeed in establishing a distinct identity of their products in the market. When a brand is not registered under the trade Mark Act, 1999, it becomes a Trade Mark.

7. Customer Support Service

Customer is the king of market. Therefore, it is one of the chief functions of marketer to offer every possible help to the customers. A marketer offers primarily the following services to the customers:

• After-sales-services
• Handling customers’ complaints
• Technical services
• Credit facilities
• Maintenance services

Helping the customer in this way offers him satisfaction and in today’s competitive age customer’s satisfaction happens to be the top-most priority. This encourages a customer’s attachment to a particular product and he starts buying that product time and again.

8. Pricing of Products

It is the most important function of a marketing manager to fix price of a product. The price of a product is affected by its cost, rate of profit, price of competing product, policy of the government, etc. The price of a product should be fixed in a manner that it should not appear to be too high and at the same time it should earn enough profit for the organization.

9. Promotion

Promotion means informing the consumers about the products of the company and encouraging them to buy these products. There are four methods of promotion:

• Advertising
• Personal selling
• Sales promotion
• Publicity

Every decision taken by the marketer in this respect affects the sales. These decisions are taken keeping in view the budget of the company.

10. Physical Distribution

Under this function of marketing the decision about carrying things from the place of production to the place of consumption is taken into account. To accomplish this task, decision about four factors are taken. They are:

• Transportation
• Inventory
• Warehousing
• Order Processing

Physical distribution, by taking things, at the right place and at the right time creates time and place utility.

11. Transportation

Production, sale and consumption-all the three activities need not be at one place. Had it been so, transportation of goods for physical distribution would have become irrelevant. But generally it is not possible. Production is carried out at one place, sale at another place and consumption at yet another place.

Transport facility is needed for the produced goods to reach the hands of consumers. So the enterprise must have an easy access to means of transportation.

Mostly we see on the road side’s private vehicles belonging to Pepsi, Coca Cola, LML, Britannia, etc. These private carriers are the living examples of transportation function of marketing. Place utility is thus created by transportation activity.

12. Storage or Warehousing

There is a time-lag between the purchase or production of goods and their sale. It is very essential to store the goods at a safe place during this time-interval. Godowns are used for this purpose. Keeping of goods in godowns till the same are sold is called storage.

For the marketing manager storage is an important function. Any negligence on his part may damage the entire stock. Time utility is thus created by storage activity.

A business can never place too much emphasis on its customers. The customer is the foundation of any business’ success. One of the primary goals of any marketing strategy should be to identify and meet the needs of the consumer. Considering customer importance at all stages of the marketing process helps your company to ensure greater customer satisfaction and increase its long-term goal of repeat business.

1. Psychological Considerations

The psychological makeup of consumers plays a crucial role in developing a product and a marketing campaign that identifies and addresses consumer needs. According to Lars Perner, assistant professor of clinical marketing at the University of Southern California, some of these considerations include how consumers “think, feel, reason and select between different alternatives.” These considerations can be influenced by environment, such as culture, family and media. The purpose of marketing research is to identify these variables and to incorporate them into the campaign.

2. Marketing Considerations

Some of the considerations to take into account when marketing to your customers are honesty, integrity and clarity. Keeping consumer needs in mind is also an integral part of effective marketing. Sneaky advertising campaigns can generate quick sales, but those sales will falter as consumers realize they’ve been duped. Selling a good product marketed with integrity brings back customers. To do this, a company needs to build customer confidence in its product over time. Customer confidence is what brings consumers back to your product and ensures long-term success.

3. Word of Mouth

Underestimating the power of customer word of mouth is detrimental to your success. Consumers like to talk, whether they are talking about a product they enjoyed or a product that left them wanting. Word of mouth has a snowball effect, particularly in an age when fast worldwide communication is common. Your company can’t afford not to consider how quickly its product and reputation can be badmouthed or blacklisted. This is why marketing a product honestly and with integrity is important.

4. Customer Service

Considering customer needs during the development and promotion of a product is not the only way to emphasize customer needs. Customer considerations after the product has been marketed are important as well. Customer service and interaction with the consumer after the product has been sold not only build strong relationships with the consumer but offer companies valuable information that will help to design more effective marketing efforts in the future.

5. Marketing Research

Consumers play a major role in marketing research before a product or service is released to the public. Once you identify your target consumers, you can invite these people to participate in focus groups or send them surveys to quiz them on key elements of your marketing plan. Questioning them about the right price to charge and what marketing message appeals to them as a consumer can help guide your entire plan, particularly when releasing a new product or service.

6. Product Feedback

The consumer also plays a role in the feedback-gathering process after a company’s offering hits the market. After implementing your marketing plan and releasing the product or service, you need to track results and continually monitor consumer needs so you can improve on the offering in the future. For instance, software developers seek feedback from consumers regularly to help them develop new and improved versions of programs.

7. Bring in New Consumers

Consumers also can act as agents to further the effects of your marketing plan. With word-of-mouth marketing, consumers who have used your product review it both offline and online and can refer other consumers to the product. This marketing is free and very effective, as individuals tend to trust the word of people they know when it comes to trying new products and services.

Business Customer

A business customer is defined by the fact that she makes a purchase. Marketing activities are almost always geared towards customers, not just consumers. A business’s main objective is attracting customers to spend money on goods and services. Most businesses outside of behemoths like Coca-Cola can’t possibly market to every consumer on the planet. This means choosing who to spend marketing money on.

Marketing efforts are typically directed at customers and potential customers. If you own a beer company, it doesn’t make sense to market to consumers who don’t drink alcohol as they’re unlikely to be customers. Even the cleverest advertising probably won’t turn a teetotaller consumer into a beer-drinking customer. Resources should instead be utilized on attracting and retaining likely customers. Note also that a business customer can ultimately be a reseller or wholesaler, turning around and selling products for resale to other consumers. A consumer, on the other hand, only consumes products.

A payment system is any system used to settle financial transactions through the transfer of monetary value. This includes the institutions, instruments, people, rules, procedures, standards, and technologies that make its exchange possible. A common type of payment system is called an operational network that links bank accounts and provides for monetary exchange using bank deposits. Some payment systems also include credit mechanisms, which are essentially a different aspect of payment.

Payment systems are used in lieu of tendering cash in domestic and international transactions. This consists of a major service provided by banks and other financial institutions. Traditional payment systems include negotiable instruments such as drafts (e.g., cheques) and documentary credits such as letters of credit. With the advent of computers and electronic communications, many alternative electronic payment systems have emerged. The term electronic payment refers to a payment made from one bank account to another using electronic methods and forgoing the direct intervention of bank employees. Narrowly defined electronic payment refers to e-commerce a payment for buying and selling goods or services offered through the Internet, or broadly to any type of electronic funds transfer.

Modern payment systems use cash-substitutes as compared to traditional payment systems. This includes debit cards, credit cards, electronic funds transfers, direct credits, direct debits, internet banking and e-commerce payment systems.

Payment systems may be physical or electronic and each has its own procedures and protocols. Standardization has allowed some of these systems and networks to grow to a global scale, but there are still many country-specific and product-specific systems. Examples of payment systems that have become globally available are credit card and automated teller machine networks. Other specific forms of payment systems are also used to settle financial transactions for products in the equity markets, bond markets, currency markets, futures markets, derivatives markets, options markets. Additionally, forms exist to transfer funds between financial institutions. Domestically this is accomplished by using Automated clearing house and real-time gross settlement (RTGS) systems. Internationally this is accomplished using the SWIFT network.

Domestic

An efficient national payment system reduces the cost of exchanging goods, services, and assets. It is indispensable to the functioning of the interbank, money, and capital markets. A weak payment system may severely drag on the stability and developmental capacity of a national economy. Such failures can result in inefficient use of financial resources, inequitable risk-sharing among agents, actual losses for participants, and loss of confidence in the financial system and in the very use of money. The technical efficiency of the payment system is important for the development of the economy.

An automated clearing house (ACH) system processes transactions in batches, storing, and transmitting them in groups. An ACH is considered a net settlement system, which means settlement may be delayed. This poses what is known as settlement risk.

Real-time gross settlement systems (RTGS) are funds transfer systems where the transfer of money or securities takes place from one bank to another on a “real-time” and on “gross” basis. Settlement in “real time” means that payment transaction does not require any waiting period. The transactions are settled as soon as they are processed. “Gross settlement” means the transaction is settled on one to one basis without bunching or netting with any other transaction. Once processed, payments are final and irrevocable.

Comparatively, ACHs are typically used for low-value, non-urgent transactions while RTGS systems are typically used for high-value, urgent transactions.

Structured Financial Messaging System (SFMS) is a secure messaging standard developed to serve as a platform for intra-bank and inter-bank applications. It is an Indian standard similar to SWIFT (Society for World-wide Interbank Financial Telecommunications) which is the international messaging system used for financial messaging globally.

Payment and settlement systems play a vital role in the efficient functioning of the financial system. IDRBT Hyderabad developed and launched the Structured Financial Messaging System on December 14, 2001.  It is messaging system that can be used for speedy funds transfer and for all purposes for secure communication within the bank (inter-bank) and between banks (intra-bank). SFMS is an Indian standard similar to SWIFT (Society for World-wide Interbank Financial Telecommunications) an international messaging system used globally for financial messaging. SFMS is an EDI (Electronic Data Intervention) for banks and it uses INFINET as the communication medium. This system is connected to banks gateways with HUB located at IDRBT, Hyderabad. Banks secure intra-bank transactions messages by means of standard encryption and authentication services conforming to ISO standards. SFMS messages from a bank branch to another bank branch are delivered via Bank Gateways and the Hub. The Hub and the bank gateway are connected via VSAT communication links or dedicated leased lines or dial up lines depending on proximity and the volume of traffic with Bank Servers. The bank servers are connected to the branches in the offline mode.

The inter-bank messaging is useful for applications like Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT), Real Time Gross settlement System (RTGS), Delivery Versus Payments (DVP), Centralized Funds Management System (CFMS) etc.

Security aspect of SFMS

Authentication, Confidentiality, Non-Repudiation, Integrity are the main security aspect of SFMS. Security is taken care by using Public Key Infrastructure (PKI).  Under Public Key Infrastructure each entity has a public key and a private key. Messages sent through SFMS are digitally signed.

Advantages of SFMS

SFMS reduces transaction time, cost and make trade finance operations more efficient.  The electronic handling of communications reduces considerable reduce risk of fraudulent transactions. SFMS facilitates inter-bank and intra-bank transactions in cash and securities, in treasury operations, forex transactions, Letters of Credits and in negotiation of bills drawn against the Letters of Credit. With SFMS banks would be able to avoid paper based transactions.

SFMS can be used for secure communication within the bank and between banks. The SFMS was launched on December 14, 2001 at IDRBT. It allows the definition of message structures, message formats, and authorization of the same for usage by the financial community.[citation needed] SFMS has a number of features and it is a modularized and web enabled software, with a flexible architecture facilitating centralized or distributed deployment. The access control is through Smart Card based user access and messages are secured by means of standard encryption and authentication services conforming to ISO standards.

The intra-bank part of SFMS is used by banks to take full advantage of the secure messaging facility it provides. The inter-bank messaging part is used by applications like electronic funds transfer (EFT), real time gross settlement systems (RTGS), delivery versus payments (DVP), centralized funds management systems (CFMS) and others. The SFMS provides application program interfaces (APIs), which can be used to integrate existing and future applications with the SFMS. Several banks have integrated it with their core or centralized banking software.

Centralised Funds Management System:

 The centralised funds management system (CFMS) was set up by the Reserve Bank of India. It is operated and maintained by RBI. There are two components;

• The Centralised Funds Enquiry System (CFES)
• Centralised Funds Transfer System (CFTS)

Centralised funds management system provides a centralised view of balance positions of the accounts maintained by banks with RBI at various locations. It enables banks to operate and transfer funds from one account to another account maintained with different Deposit Accounts Department (DADs).

Only those banks who maintain current account with the Deposit Accounts Department (DAD) of RBI and are the members of INFINET can become the member of this system. Each member is required to install on its own cost and maintain in good order computer/s, servers, telecommunication equipment and other electronic equipment as required / prescribed for the purpose. All funds transfer messages received by the Central system for debiting of any current account are digitally signed. Each message is identified by a unique identifier for tracking at a future point of time.

On the successful completion of a transaction, the originator of the message is informed by the Bank Level Funds Management System (BLFMS) / Local Banks Funds Management System (LBFMS). The CFMS normally operates on all days on which at least two Deposit Accounts Departments of Reserve Bank of India function.

The Centralised Funds Transfer System (CFTS) provides services through:

• Apex Level Server (ALS) built in the main frame computer maintained at Mumbai.
• Local Funds Management System (LFMS): The facility is provided by those Regional Offices of RBI which have the Deposit Accounts Department (DAD).
• Bank Level Funds Management System (BLFMS): RBI provides the software to CFMS members for the use of Treasury Department / Central Accounts Department.
• Local Banks Funds Management System (LBFMS): RBI provides this facility to the CFMS members for accessing local DAD.

The Negotiated Dealing System, or NDS, is an electronic trading platform operated by the Reserve Bank of India to facilitate the issuing and exchange of government securities and other types of money market instruments. The goal was to reduce inefficiencies stemming from telephone orders and manual paperwork, while increasing transparency for all market participants.

Understanding Negotiated Dealing System (NDS)

The Negotiated Dealing System was introduced in February 2002 to help the Reserve Bank of India, or RBI, enhance the dealings of fixed income investments. Prior to the NDS, the country’s government securities market was primarily telephone-based, which meant that buyers and sellers had to place trades over the phone, submit physical Subsidiary General Ledger transfer forms, and issue checks for the settlement of funds to the Reserve Bank of India. These slow and inefficient procedures led to the development and implementation of the NDS.

In August 2005, the RBI introduced the Negotiated Dealing System – Order Matching system, or NDS-OM, an electronic, screen-based, anonymous, order-driven trading system for dealing in government securities. The system is designed to bring transparency to secondary market transactions, while enabling members to place bids and offers directly on the NDS-OM screen.

There are two types of NDS-OM members, including:

Direct Members: Direct members have current accounts with the RBI and can directly settle trades on NDS-OM.

Indirect Members: Indirect members do not have current accounts with the RBI and must settle through NDS-OM members that have direct accounts. Most foreign institutional investors have indirect access, while resident entities may have direct access.

Many other countries have similar electronic systems in place for managing government securities, money market accounts, and related securities to increase transparency and lower costs.

Functions of Negotiated Dealing System

The NDS facilitates members to submit bids for government securities electronically. These bids for the purchase of government securities can be made when the RBI conduct auctions for them. The auction process take place in the primary market using the NDS platform. Participants are primary dealers, commercial banks etc.

In the secondary market (market for trading the already issued G-Secs), the NDS facilitates the settlement of transactions in G-Secs. Here, it provides an interface to the Public Debt Office, RBI, Mumbai for the settlement of transactions conducted in the secondary market. Secondary market trading in Government securities mostly happen over-the-counter (OTC).

The Negotiated Dealing System (NDS) has thus two modules one for the primary market and the other for the secondary market.

Membership in NDS

Membership to the NDS is restricted to members holding SGL and/or Current Account with the RBI, Mumbai.

NDS-OM

Secondary market trading is vital to give liquidity to Government Securities. For enhancing secondary market activity in G-Sec segment, the RBI launched Negotiated Dealing System-Order Matching system (NDS-OM) in 2005. The NDS-OM is a screen based electronic anonymous order matching system for secondary market trading in Government securities.

This is an order driven electronic system, where the participants can trade anonymously by placing their orders on the system or accepting the orders already placed by other participants. The Clearing Corporation of India on behalf of the RBI operates the NDS-OM.

The NDS-OM brings transparency in secondary market transactions in Government securities as there is anonymity about the traders who offer trading. Members can place bids (buy orders) and offers (sell orders) directly on the NDS-OM screen. Being order driven, the system matches bids and offers on price/ time priority.

Negotiated Dealing System Modules

The Negotiated Dealing System consists of two modules, which are designed for different types of member institutions.

These modules include:

• Primary Market Module: The RBI uses the primary auction platform for the auction of federal and state securities, as well as treasury bills. The platform enables participants to electronically submit their bids in primary auctions and receive allotment reports.
• Secondary Market Module: Over-the-counter trading often happens over the phone, but everyone is required to report these trades using the NDS secondary market module. The data then flows to the Clearing Corporation of India Ltd. for clearing and settlement, which avoids the need for paper-based settlement processes.

Securities Settlement Systems

System which permits the transfer of securities: either free of payment, such as free delivery (for example in the case of pledge), or against payment.

Settlement of securities occurs on securities deposit accounts held with a Central Securities Depository (private CSDs or a central bank acting as a CSD) or with a central bank (safe custody operational accounts).

In the latter case, the central bank acts as the intermediate custodian of the securities. The final custodian is normally a CSD.

Settlement of cash occurs in an interbank funds transfer system (IFTS), through a settlement agent.

As an essential part of a nation’s financial sector infrastructure, securities clearance, and settlement systems must be closely integrated with national payment systems, so that safety, soundness, certainty, and efficiency can be achieved at a cost acceptable to all participants. Central banks have paid considerable attention to payment systems, but securities clearance, and settlement systems have only recently been subjected to rigorous assessment. The Western Hemisphere Payments and Securities Clearance and Settlement Initiative (WHI), led by the World Bank, and in cooperation with the Centro de Estudios Monetarios Latinoamericanos (CEMLA), gave the authors a unique opportunity to observe how various countries in Latin America, and the Caribbean undertake securities clearance, and settlement. To do so, the authors developed a practical, and implementable assessment methodology, covering key issues that affect the quality of such systems. In this paper they discuss the objectives, scope, and content of a typical securities system, identify the elements that influence the system’s quality, and show how their assessment methodology works. They focus on the development of core principles, and minimum standards for integrated systems of payments, and securities clearance and settlement.

An electronic check, or e-check, is a form of payment made via the Internet, or another data network, designed to perform the same function as a conventional paper check. Since the check is in an electronic format, it can be processed in fewer steps.

Additionally, it has more security features than standard paper checks including authentication, public key cryptography, digital signatures, and encryption, among others.

Advantages

Electronic checks, also known as e-checks provide convenient and simple ways for your customers to make payments online, and your company to reap the benefits. E-checks implement a way for customers to electronically process their transactions online without forcing them to pay with a debit or credit card. So what are the advantages against other forms of payment?

Save Money: E-checks are a more efficient way for your business to save money. Companies that process e-checks electronically instead of processing paper checks significantly reduce their costs when it comes to converting these transactions.

Instant: Paper check processing involves more work, and takes more time. When using paper checks, your business has to process their data in bundles, whether that’s daily, weekly or monthly, whereas electronic checks allow for instant processing.

Global Acceptance: E-checks open new avenues for companies, letting them engage in different markets without limiting their business opportunities. Because of easy online accessibility, any global bank or type of currency can be accepted with e-checks.

Security: Electronic checks use the same system as direct payments and deposits, which relay the same security and comfort factors that all customers want, maintaining the satisfaction component.

Less Error: E-checks reduce the amount of errors because customers are authorized to input their specifics into the system, thus eliminating inaccuracy.

Electronic Checking Benefits:

Payhub Payments’ electronic checking process is fast, reliable, efficient and secure for all your transactions. We save you time and effort by using our system because we convert paper checks into electronic at the point-of-sale and automatically deposit the funds into your banking account. Let us reduce your paperwork and runs to the bank, we’re here to help.

How an Electronic Check Works

An electronic check is part of the larger electronic banking field and part of a subset of transactions referred to as electronic fund transfers (EFTs). This includes not only electronic checks but also other computerized banking functions such as ATM withdrawals and deposits, debit card transactions and remote check depositing features. The transactions require the use of various computer and networking technologies to gain access to the relevant account data to perform the requested actions.

Electronic checks were developed in response to the transactions that arose in the world of electronic commerce. Electronic checks can be used to make a payment for any transaction that a paper check can cover, and are governed by the same laws that apply to paper checks. This was the first form of Internet-based payment used by the U.S. Treasury for making large online payments.

The Benefits of Electronic Checks

Generally, the costs associated with issuing an electronic check are notably lower than those associated with paper checks. Not only is there no requirement for a physical paper check, which costs money to produce, but also electronic checks do not require physical postage in cases of payments being made to entities outside the direct reach of the entity issuing the funds.

4 main steps to processing an electronic check:

1. Request Authorization: The business needs to gain authorization from the customer to make the transaction. This can be done via an online payment form, signed order form, or phone conversation.
2. Payment Set Up: After authorization is complete, the business inputs the payment information into the online payment processing software. If it is a recurring payment, this information also includes the details of the recurring schedule.
3. Finalize and Submit: Once payment information is properly entered into the software, the business clicks “Save” or “Submit” and starts the ACH transaction process.
4. Payment Confirmation and Funds Deposited: The payment is automatically withdrawn from the customer’s bank account, the online software sends a payment receipt to the customer, and the payment itself is deposited into the business’s bank account. Funds are typically deposited into the merchant’s bank account three to five business days after the ACH transaction is initiated.

• The Rangarajan Committee recommended that extending outreach on a scale envisaged under NRFIP would be possible only by leveraging technology to open up channels beyond branch network.
• Adoption of appropriate technology would enable the branches to go where the customer is present instead of the other way round. This, however, is in addition to extending traditional mode of banking by targeted branch expansion in identified districts.
• The Business Facilitator/Business Correspondent (BF/BC) models riding on appropriate technology can deliver this outreach and should form the core of the strategy for extending financial inclusion.
• The Committee has made some recommendations for relaxation of norms for expanding the coverage of BF/BC. Ultimately, banks should endeavour to have a BC touch point in each of the 6, 00,000 villages in the country.

FI as a policy initiative entered the banking lexicon only after the recommendations of the Rangarajan Committee in 2008. It began to attract the attention of stakeholders when banks realised the significance of connecting with more people for business growth. The span of financial services included provision of basic savings accounts, and access to adequate credit at affordable costs to vulnerable groups such as the excluded sections of the society and low-income households. The experience of microfinance units in India and abroad shows that vulnerable groups who pay usurious interest rates to local moneylenders, can also be worthy borrowers of banks. One of the broader objectives of FI is to pull the poor community out of the net of exploitative moneylenders. But despite such emphasis, the penetration of banking services was initially mostly confined to urban areas and major cities, after which they started spreading to the hinterland. FI thus became an integral part of the business domain of banks, with RBI advising all public and private banks to submit a board-approved, three-year FI plan (FIP) starting from April 2010. These plans broadly included self-set targets in terms of bricks-and-mortar branches in rural areas, clearly indicating coverage of unbanked villages with population above 2,000 and those with population below 2,000; deployment of Business Correspondents¹ (BCs) and use of electronic/kiosk modes for provision of financial services; opening of no-frills accounts; and so on. For the dispensation of credit, Kisan Credit Cards (KCC), General Credit Cards (GCC), and other specific products designed to cater to the financially excluded segments, were introduced. Such accelerated microcredit was part of priority sector lending schemes of banks. Further, banks were advised to integrate FIPs with their business plans and to include the criteria on FI as a parameter in the performance evaluation metrics of their staff.

Among associated developments, RuPay – an Indian domestic debit card – was introduced on 26 March 2012 by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI). It has been a game changer in creating better digital infrastructure and enabled faster penetration of debit card culture.

The progress of financial inclusion

Faster implementation of FIPs is seen after 2010-11. Commercial banks opened new rural branches, increased coverage of villages, set up ATMs and digital kiosks, deployed BCs, opened no-frills accounts, and provided credit through KCCs and GCCs. The introduction of core banking technology and proliferation of alternate delivery channels aided the process of inclusion on a larger scale. The statistics on key banking network give a sense of the pace of progress of banking outreach as part of FI.

Progress of financial inclusion at a glance

Parameter of financial inclusion	March 2010	March 2016	March 2017
Number of Bank branches in villages	33,378	51,830	50,860
Number of Business Correspondents (BCs)	34,174	531,229	543,472
Number of other forms of banking touch points	142	3,248	3,761
Total number of banking touch points	67,694	586,307	598,093
Number of BSBDA* (in millions)	73	469	533
Deposits in BSBDA (Amount in Rs. billions)	55	636	977

Banking software is enterprise software that is used by the banking industry to provide and manage the financial products they provide. Within retail banks, banking software typically refers to core banking software and all its interfaces that allows them to connect to other modular software and to the interbank networks. Within investment banking, banking software typically refer to the trading software used to access capital markets.

Retail banks

Commercial or retail banks use what is known as core banking software which record and manage the transactions made by the banks’ customers to their accounts. For example, it allows a customer to go to any branch of the bank and do its banking from there. In essence, it frees the customer from their home branch and enables them to do banking anywhere. Further, the bank’s databases can be connected to other channels such as ATMs, Internet Banking, payment networks and SMS based banking.

Banking software is used by millions of users across hundreds or thousands of branches. This means that the software must be managed on many machines even in a small bank. The core banking system is a major investment for a retail banks and maintaining and managing the system can represent a large part of the cost of running a bank.

Investment Banks

Investment banks use software to manage their trading desks and their clients accountants. These systems often connect to financial markets such as securities exchanges or third party providers of such as Financial data vendors.

For example, a company such as Bloomberg is financial software, news, and data company that offers financial software tools such as analytics and equity trading platform to financial companies around the world through the Bloomberg Terminal. Another example is Reuters whose products specialize in financial information management, purchase order management, positions and risks, and financial instrument sales.

These types of companies provides solutions for control and overall productivity for corporate treasury, improved workflow, central banking, bank treasury, Forex trading and global back-office operations. Examples of these back-office tasks include IT departments that keep the phones and computers running (operations architecture), accounting, and human resources (customer relations) and sales and marketing where they come in contact with their customers.

With the help of these software companies, there is efficiency and proper management of transactions both in the front and back offices of the banking firms and other financial institutions.

Banking Software Features & Capabilities

Features common to core banking software are:

• Real-time account & transaction processing
• Financial product builder
• Customizable interface and product workflow
• Customer self-service portal & management
• Online payment processing & bill pay
• Source capture & remote deposit
• Customer interaction (e.g. live chat)
• Account-holder transaction history tracking
• Account-holder data & document store
• Multi-currency funds management
• Financial instrument workflow
• Accounting workflow
• Mobile app development

Banking Software Integrations & Ancillary Products

Because of compliance rules peculiar to banking, banking software vendors offer suites of ancillary products. These may cover the business needs for specific kinds of financial institutions. Some modules and add-ons from popular vendors cover:

• Fraud risk management
• Financial crime mitigation
• Line of credit & credit background check
• Loan origination & servicing
• Corporate supply chain financing
• Customer wealth management
• Investor servicing & accounting
• Enterprise content management
• Marketing resource management and automation
• Banking investment & operational intelligence
• Support for Islamic banks

Pricing Information

Because banks vary widely in size and specialty costs of banking software vary in the extreme. Few banks meet their needs with simple subscription-based offerings. Banking software tends towards very high modularity and pricing depends on the breadth of modules and services required, as well as licenses and installations.

The back office is the portion of a company made up of administration and support personnel who are not client-facing. Back-office functions include settlements, clearances, record maintenance, regulatory compliance, accounting, and IT services. For example, a financial services firm is segmented into three parts: the front office (e.g., sales, marketing, and customer support), the middle office (risk management), and the back office (administrative and support services).

How the Back Office Works?

The back office can be thought of as the part of a company responsible for providing all business functions related to its operations. Despite their seemingly invisible presence, back-office personnel provide essential functions to the business. The back office is an essential part of any firm and associated job titles are often classified under “Operations.” Their roles enable and equip front-office personnel to perform their client-facing duties. The back office is sometimes used to describe all jobs that do not directly generate revenue.

 The term “back office” originated when early companies designed their offices so that the front portion contained the associates who interact with customers, and the back portion of the office contained associates who have no interaction with customers, such as accounting clerks.

Example of Back-Office

Today, most back-office positions are located away from the company headquarters. Many are located in cities where commercial leases are inexpensive, labor costs are low, and an adequate labor pool is available.

Alternatively, many companies have chosen to outsource and/or offshore back-office roles to further reduce costs. Technology has afforded many companies the opportunity to allow remote-work arrangements, in which associates work from home. Benefits include rent savings and increased productivity. Additionally, remotely employing back-office staff allows companies to access talent in various areas and attract a diverse pool of applicants.

Some firms offer incentives to employees and applicants who accept remote positions. For example, a financial services firm that requires high-level accounting could offer a $500-per-month housing subsidy to experienced CPAs to work from home. If it costs $1,000 per month to secure office space per individual, a housing subsidy of $500 per month would result in an overall savings of $6,000 per year. The cost savings can be significant when employing many remote professionals.

Though this saves money for the company, the employee may also have to accept a lower salary if they are moving from a Front Office position in a central location to a more remote location or even a work-at-home arrangement.

Although back-office staff members do not interact with customers, they tend to actively interact with front-office staff. For example, a manufacturing equipment salesperson may enlist the help of back-office staff to provide accurate information on inventory and pricing structures. Real estate marketing professionals frequently interact with sales agents to create attractive and relevant marketing materials, and IT professionals regularly interact with all divisions within the company to ensure proper functioning systems.

Many business school students from non-target colleges and universities see Back Office work as a way to gain experience within a firm and potentially network up into the Front Office roles. Though it varies from one firm to another, the work in the Back Office roles is significantly different from the Front Office and, with the exception of corporate credit risk roles, may not provide a Front Office hopeful with the needed experience to make such a transition.

• The back office is the portion of a company made up of administration and support personnel, who are not client-facing.
• Back-office functions include settlements, clearances, record maintenance, regulatory compliance, accounting, and IT services.
• The term “back office” originated when early companies designed their offices so that the front portion contained the associates who interact with customers, and the back portion of the office contained associates who have no interaction with customers, such as accounting clerks.