by ‘Underwriting’ refers to the functions of an under-writer. An under-writer may be an individual, firm or a joint stock company, performing the under-writing function. Under-writing may be defined as a contract entered into by the company with persons or institutions, called under-writers, who undertake to take up the whole or a portion of such of the offered shares or debentures as may not be subscribed for by the public. Such agreements are called ‘Under-writing agreement’.
Underwriting services are provided by some large financial institutions, such as banks, insurance companies and investment houses, whereby they guarantee payment in case of damage or financial loss and accept the financial risk for liability arising from such guarantee. An underwriting arrangement may be created in a number of situations including insurance, issues of security in a public offering, and bank lending, among others. The person or institution that agrees to sell a minimum number of securities of the company for commission is called the Underwriter.
A newly formed company enters into an agreement with an under-writer to the effect that he will take up shares or Debentures offered by it to the public but not subscribed for in fully by the public. Such an agreement may become necessary when a company issues shares or debentures for the first time to the public, or subsequently when it is in need of working capital.
When the company does not receive 90 per cent of issued amount from public subscription, within 120 days from the date of opening the issue, the company cannot proceed with allotment. In such a case, the company must refund the amount of subscription. In the case of a new company, it cannot obtain a certificate to commence function.
A company is not sure whether the shares or debentures offered for subscription may be taken up by the public. There arises a risk to ensure the success of issue. Therefore, companies resort to underwriting in order to ensure that sufficient number of shares or debentures would subscribed for. Thus, risk-bearing or uncertainty bearing is an important function of an underwriter.
Thus, an underwriter is a person who undertakes to take up the whole or a portion of the shares or debentures offered by a company to the public for subscription as may not be subscribed for by the public, prior to making such an offer. The company has to pay a commission to such an underwriter. It is known as underwriting commission. It is, of course, a type of insurance against under-subscription.
Need for underwriting
Investigate your credit history. Underwriters look at your credit score and pull your credit report. They look at your overall credit score and search for things like late payments, bankruptcies, overuse of credit and more.
Order an appraisal. Your underwriter will order an appraisal to make sure that the amount that the lender offers for the home matches up with the home’s actual value.
Verify your income and employment. Your underwriter will ask you to prove your income and employment situation.
Look at your debt-to-income ratio (DTI). Your DTI is a percentage that tells lenders how much money you spend versus how much income you bring in. An underwriter examines your debts and compares them to your income to ensure you have more than enough cash flow to cover your monthly mortgage payments, taxes and insurance.
Verify your down payment and savings. The underwriter also looks at your savings accounts to make sure you have enough savings to supplement your income or to use as a down payment at closing.
Functions of a Broker in Underwriting:
Broker is a person who helps in subscribing the shares. A broker is one who finds buyers for the shares or debentures of the company and gets the brokerage on the number of shares or debentures subscribed by the public through him. Underwriter is different from a broker. An underwriter is a person who agrees to take a specified number of shares or debentures, in case, not subscribed by the public.
That is, an underwriter is liable to take up shares in case the public fails to subscribe whereas a broker is not liable. Underwriter gets underwriting commission and a broker gets brokerage. Underwriter gives a guarantee whereas a broker does the service of placing the shares.
Thus, the function of an underwriter is of great economic significance since he himself assumes the risk of uncertainty on behalf of the company making public issue of shares or debentures. A broker, on the other hand, does not assume any such risk. Underwriting acts as a sort of insurance or guarantee against the danger of not receiving minimum subscription.
Sub Underwriting:
An underwriter may himself enter into a sub-agreement with other persons, called sub- underwriters, whereby he transfers a part of his underwriting risk. Just like re-insurance, sub- underwriting helps in spreading the risk. An underwriter may appoint several underwriters to work under him. However, the sub-underwriters have no privacy of contract with the company. They get their commission from the underwriter and are also responsible to him.
Importance of Underwriting:
- Underwriting acts as a sort of insurance or guarantee against the danger of not receiving minimum subscription, in the absence of underwriting agreement, there is always uncertainty regarding subscription of shares of debentures by the public. The guarantee of the underwriters removes the uncertainty.
- When shares or debentures are sold through underwriters, there arise more confidence amongst the public. This is because underwriters undertake shares or debentures of only those companies which are sound concerns and whose future is bright.
- Underwriting creates an impression regarding sound status of a company. It increases the goodwill of the company.
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