by The investment decision means capital budgeting. Investment decision and capital budgeting are not considered different acts in business world. In investment decision, the word ‘Capital’ is exclusively understood to refer to real assets which may assume any shape viz. building, plant and machinery, raw material and so on and so forth, whereas investment refers to any such real assets.
In other words, investment decisions are concerned with the question whether adding to capital assets today will increase the revenues of tomorrow to cover costs. Thus investment decisions are commitment of money resources at different time in expectation of economic returns in future dates.
Choice is required to be made amongst available alternative revenues for investments. As such investment decisions are concerned with the choice of acquiring real assets over the time period in a productive process.
Categories of Investment Decisions:
There are several categories of investment decisions.
The common categories are as follows:
(i) Inventory Investment:
Holding of stocks of materials is unavoidable for smooth running of a business. The expenditure on stocks comes in the category of investments.
(ii) Strategic Investment Expenditure:
In this case, the firm makes investment decisions in order to strengthen its market power. The return on such investment will not be immediate.
(iii) Modernisation Investment Expenditure:
In this case, the firm decides to adopt a new and better technology in place of the old one for the sake of cost reduction. It is also known as capital deepening process.
(iv) Expansion Investment on a New Business:
In this case, the firm decides to start a new business or diversify into new lines of production for which a new set of machines are to be purchased.
(v) Replacement Investment:
In this category, the firm takes decisions about the replacement of worn out and obsolete assets by new ones.
(vi) Expansion Investment:
In this case, the firm decides to expand the productive capacity for existing products and thus grows further in a uni-direction. This type of investment is also called capital widening.
Need for Investment Decisions:
The need for investment decisions arrives for attaining the long term objective of the firm viz. survival or growth, preserving share of a particular market and retain leadership in a particular aspect of economic activity.
Factors affecting Investment Decisions:
According to Prof. Ezra Solomon, for making optimum investment decisions, the following three types of information is required:
(i) Estimate of capital outlays and the future earnings of the proposed project focusing on the task of value engineering and market forecasting,
(ii) Availability of capital and consideration of cost-focusing attention as financial analysis, and
(iii) A correct set of standards by which to select projects for execution to maximise return-focusing attention on logic and arithmetic.
Estimate of Capital Outlays and Future Earnings of the Proposed Project:
The management of a firm is guided by various considerations in forecasting the future revenue proceeds arising out of present investment decisions. In current managerial practice if the time horizon over which benefits accrue is longer than one year, then the resources committed are called investment and the money spent is termed capital expenditures. The fixed capital outlay shows the outlay or expenditure made by the firm for creating the capacity of production.
The important times of such costs would be as follows:
(i) Advance Expenditure:
The expenditure on technical and economic feasibility reports, plant design, licence fee and associated costs, expenditure on the search for finances, and other similar items would be included in this category.
(ii) Land and Site Development Expenditure:
This includes the cost of land acquired or leasing of land, expenditures on making the land usable, laying of roads, fencing, etc.
(iii) Construction Costs:
The expenditures on factory buildings, residential houses, roads, electricity supply lines, drainage disposal system, water supply, etc.
(iv) Machines and Tools:
The cost of machinery should include purchase price of machines, duty, tax, freight insurance, transport charges, etc. Different types of tools will be required for operation, the value of such sets at the plant will be the cost of tools.
(v) Erection of Equipment:
The whole plant constituting different types of machines has to be assembled at the plant site. The payment made for installation will be accounted in this category.
(vi) Training Expenditure:
A firm before purchasing such machines has to get its personnel trained to handle them. The cost incurred on such training will have to be accounted.
(vii) Franchise Cost:
The cost incurred in getting the franchise from the government or any other institution is also included in this category.
(viii) Cost of Mobilising Finance:
The firms raise funds partly in the form of shares, bonds, debentures and fixed deposit from the public at large. A well-diversified portfolio carefully chosen from the numerous securities available in the market will help the investor in achieving his objectives.
(ix) Inventory Cost:
The decision to hold inventories to meet demand is quite important for a firm and in certain situations the level of inventories serves as a guide to plan production. The value of such safety inventories would be included in the establishment cost.
The above costs are concerned with the establishment of a plant. If the plant is ready for operation, it requires certain amount of money to meet the operating costs.
The broad categories of such costs are as follows:
(i) Labour cost
(ii) Repairing charges and maintenance cost
(iii) Rent and royalty payments
(iv) Insurance charges
(v) Stationery cost
(vi) Payment of tax and duties
(vii) Fuel and power costs
In addition to the above categories of costs, two other categories of annual costs are the depreciation provision and interest charges. The investment decisions are directly related to financing decisions. The acceptance of investment proposal shall depend upon how they are going to be financed.
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