Directive Principles of State Policy

Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP), enshrined in Part IV of the Indian Constitution (Articles 36–51), serve as guidelines for the government to achieve social, economic, and political justice. These principles aim to create a welfare state by promoting policies that enhance the well-being of citizens, reduce inequalities, and ensure a just society. While not legally enforceable, DPSPs are fundamental in governance, directing the state to prioritize goals such as adequate livelihood, equitable wealth distribution, and environmental protection. Inspired by Ireland’s Constitution and Gandhian ideals, they complement Fundamental Rights to uphold the Constitution’s vision of a balanced democracy.

Constitutes of  Directive Principles of State Policy:

Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP), outlined in Part IV of the Indian Constitution (Articles 36–51), provide broad guidelines for the state to ensure social, economic, and political justice, aiming to build a welfare state. Though non-justiciable, these principles influence policymaking and legislative measures. The DPSPs are categorized into three primary groups: Socialist principles, Gandhian principles, and Liberal-intellectual principles.

1. Socialist Principles

These principles emphasize social and economic justice to minimize inequalities and ensure the welfare of all citizens. Key provisions include:

• Ensuring adequate livelihood for all and equitable distribution of wealth and resources (Article 39).
• Providing equal pay for equal work for both men and women (Article 39(d)).
• Ensuring the right to work, education, and public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, or disability (Article 41).
• Promoting the health and nutrition of citizens and ensuring opportunities for children’s development (Article 47).

These principles focus on reducing the gap between the rich and poor, ensuring a dignified life for all.

2. Gandhian Principles

Derived from the philosophies of Mahatma Gandhi, these principles promote rural development, social harmony, and the upliftment of marginalized communities. Key provisions include:

• Promoting cottage industries in rural areas (Article 43).
• Prohibiting the consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs harmful to health (Article 47).
• Protecting and improving the conditions of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and other weaker sections (Article 46).
• Organizing village panchayats to empower local self-governance (Article 40).

These principles reflect Gandhi’s vision of a self-reliant and harmonious society.

3. Liberal-Intellectual Principles

These principles focus on fostering democracy, international peace, and scientific advancement. Key provisions include:

• Ensuring free and compulsory education for children up to 14 years of age (Article 45, now a Fundamental Right under Article 21A).
• Promoting the protection and improvement of the environment (Article 48A).
• Safeguarding the independence of the judiciary (Article 50).
• Promoting international peace and security and maintaining just relations with other nations (Article 51).

These principles aim to establish a modern, progressive, and enlightened state.

Directive Principles of State Policy Present relevance in Present Society:

1. Social Justice and Economic Equality

The DPSPs’ emphasis on reducing economic inequality and promoting social justice continues to guide policies like poverty alleviation programs, minimum wage laws, and equitable resource distribution. Government schemes such as PM Jan Dhan Yojana, MGNREGA, and the implementation of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) reflect efforts to bridge the economic divide and create an equitable society.

2. Gender Equality and Women Empowerment

Provisions such as equal pay for equal work (Article 39(d)) and the right to livelihood are pivotal in addressing gender disparities. Initiatives like Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao, and increasing representation of women in legislatures and local governance show the government’s commitment to these principles.

3. Environmental Protection

The DPSP’s focus on protecting and improving the environment (Article 48A) is particularly significant today. Amidst climate change and environmental degradation, initiatives like the National Green Mission, promotion of renewable energy, and stricter laws for pollution control are aligned with these constitutional guidelines.

4. Promotion of Education and Health

The principle of free and compulsory education for children (Article 45) and provisions for public health and nutrition (Article 47) are vital in present society. The implementation of the Right to Education Act (RTE) and schemes like Ayushman Bharat demonstrate the practical realization of these principles in addressing literacy gaps and healthcare needs.

5. Decentralized Governance

The emphasis on village panchayats (Article 40) has gained renewed importance with the strengthening of local governance through the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments. In the era of participatory governance, local bodies play a crucial role in empowering rural communities.

6. Labor Welfare and Employment

With increasing unemployment and labor rights issues, the DPSP provisions concerning the right to work, living wages, and humane working conditions are more relevant than ever. Programs like Skill India Mission and reforms in labor codes aim to enhance employment opportunities and safeguard workers’ rights.

7. Global Peace and Cooperation

India’s commitment to global peace, as envisioned in Article 51, aligns with its active participation in international organizations like the United Nations and initiatives such as the International Solar Alliance.