Tag: INFORMATION SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT

Lucknow University BBA Notes

Basic structure of an HTML document, basic text formatting, links, images, tables, frames, form and introduction to CSS

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The basic structure of an HTML document has already been explained in the previous answer. Here, we will go through some basic HTML elements and how to use them.

Basic Text Formatting

HTML provides a set of tags to format text. Some of the commonly used tags for formatting text are:

  • <b>: Bold text
  • <i>: Italic text
  • <u>: Underline text
  • <em>: Emphasized text
  • <strong>: Strong text

<p>This is <b>bold</b>, <i>italic</i>, <u>underline</u>, <em>emphasized</em>, and <strong>strong</strong> text.</p>

Links

Links are used to connect one web page to another. The <a> tag is used to create links. The href attribute is used to specify the destination of the link. Here is an example:

<a href=”http://www.example.com”>This is a link to example.com</a>

Images

Images can be displayed on web pages using the <img> tag. The src attribute is used to specify the location of the image file. Here is an example:

<img src=”image.jpg” alt=”An image”>

The alt attribute provides alternative text for screen readers and search engines.

Tables

Tables can be used to display data in rows and columns. The <table> tag is used to create a table. The <tr> tag is used to create a row, and the <td> tag is used to create a cell in the row. Here is an example:

<table>

            <tr>

                        <td>Row 1, Column 1</td>

                        <td>Row 1, Column 2</td>

            </tr>

            <tr>

                        <td>Row 2, Column 1</td>

                        <td>Row 2, Column 2</td>

            </tr>

</table>

Frames

Frames are used to divide a web page into multiple sections, each with its own content. The <frame> tag is used to create a frame. Here is an example:

<frameset cols=”25%, 75%”>

            <frame src=”menu.html”>

            <frame src=”content.html”>

</frameset>

The cols attribute specifies the size of each frame.

Forms

Forms are used to collect input from users. The <form> tag is used to create a form. Input fields such as text boxes, radio buttons, and checkboxes are defined using various input tags. Here is an example:

<form action=”submit.php” method=”post”>

            <label for=”name”>Name:</label>

            <input type=”text” id=”name” name=”name”>

            <br>

            <label for=”email”>Email:</label>

            <input type=”email” id=”email” name=”email”>

            <br>

            <label for=”message”>Message:</label>

            <textarea id=”message” name=”message”></textarea>

            <br>

            <input type=”submit” value=”Submit”>

</form>

The action attribute specifies the URL to which the form data will be sent. The method attribute specifies the HTTP method to use (usually post or get). The label tag provides a label for each input field.

Introduction to CSS

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is used to style and layout HTML elements. CSS provides a way to define the visual presentation of HTML elements, such as font size, color,

Lucknow University BBA Notes

Building and hosting your website: choosing an ISP

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Building and hosting a website requires several steps, including choosing a domain name, designing the website, and selecting a hosting service. An ISP, or Internet Service Provider, is a company that provides internet access and other related services to customers. When choosing an ISP for website hosting, there are several factors to consider:

  1. Reliability: The ISP should have a good reputation for uptime and reliability, as website downtime can result in lost revenue and frustrated customers.
  2. Speed: The ISP should provide fast internet connectivity, as slow page load times can result in a poor user experience and lower search engine rankings.
  3. Security: The ISP should have robust security measures in place to protect against hacking and data breaches.
  4. Customer Support: The ISP should offer good customer support, including technical support, as website issues can be complex and time-sensitive.
  5. Price: The ISP’s pricing should be competitive and transparent, with no hidden fees or charges.

When evaluating ISPs for website hosting, it is also important to consider the type of hosting service that best suits your needs.

Some common types of hosting services include:

  1. Shared Hosting: This type of hosting involves sharing a server with multiple other websites. Shared hosting is typically less expensive than other types of hosting but may have slower performance and less customization options.
  2. Dedicated Hosting: This type of hosting involves having a dedicated server for your website. Dedicated hosting provides better performance and more customization options but is typically more expensive.
  3. Cloud Hosting: This type of hosting involves hosting your website on a network of servers in the cloud. Cloud hosting provides scalability, flexibility, and better uptime but may have higher costs.

Ultimately, the choice of ISP and hosting service will depend on the specific needs and requirements of your website. It is important to thoroughly research and evaluate ISPs and hosting services before making a decision, to ensure that you select the best option for your website and business.

Lucknow University BBA Notes

Web page design using HTML and CSS: Overview of HTML

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HTML, or Hypertext Markup Language, is the standard markup language used to create web pages. HTML provides a set of elements and tags that define the structure and content of a web page. When a web page is loaded in a browser, the browser interprets the HTML code and displays the content according to the structure defined in the code.

HTML is comprised of a series of tags, which are enclosed in angled brackets (< >). Tags are used to define elements such as headings, paragraphs, links, images, and forms. Each tag has a specific purpose and attributes that can be used to provide additional information about the element.

Here is an example of a basic HTML document structure:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>My Web Page</title>

 </head>

<body>

 <h1>Welcome to My Web Page</h1>

 <p>This is a paragraph of text.

</p> <img src=”image.jpg” alt=”An image”>

 <a href=”https://www.example.com”>This is a link</a>

</body>

</html>

In this example, the <!DOCTYPE html> declaration specifies the version of HTML being used. The html tag defines the beginning and end of the HTML document. The head tag contains meta information about the document, such as the page title, which is defined using the title tag. The body tag contains the visible content of the page, such as headings, paragraphs, images, and links.

Some common HTML tags and elements include:

  • <h1> – <h6>: Headings, with <h1> being the largest and most important.
  • <p>: Paragraphs of text.
  • <a>: Links to other web pages or resources.
  • <img>: Images, with the src attribute specifying the image file and the alt attribute providing alternative text for screen readers and search engines.
  • <ul>: Unordered lists, with each list item defined using the <li>
  • <ol>: Ordered lists, with each list item defined using the <li>
  • <form>: Forms for user input, with input fields such as text boxes, radio buttons, and checkboxes defined using various input tags.

HTML provides the foundation for creating web pages, but it is typically combined with CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) for styling and layout. CSS provides a way to define the visual presentation of HTML elements, such as font size, color, and positioning. Together, HTML and CSS form the backbone of modern web page design.

Bangalore University B.com Notes / Bangalore University BBA Notes / Lucknow University BBA Notes

Push vs. Pull Strategy

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Push Marketing Strategy

A push promotional strategy is a marketing strategy that sees companies take its products to its consumers. The goal of this strategy is to get the product directly in front of the customers, in the form of trade shows and point of sale displays. These are the most common push promotion strategies used today:

  • Direct selling to customers in showrooms
  • Point of Sale (POS) displays
  • Trade show promotions
  • Package or display design

Push marketing strategies are commonly used to gain and increase product exposure. Push marketing relies mainly upon traditional avenues of advertising/marketing, such as a series of television ads or a series of direct mail pieces. Again, a primary goal is simply making as many consumers as possible aware of the product and its benefits. “Push” refers to the fact that the company that sells the product is continually pushing it into the potential customer’s purview, their field of vision, so to speak.

Although virtually every company seeks to establish and nurture relationships with its customers or clients, push marketing is more concerned with gaining an immediate sale than with fostering relationships that create brand loyalty. Establishing a brand identity and building a loyal customer base falls more under the heading of “pull marketing.” Therefore, it is quite commonplace to see a company utilizing both push marketing and pull marketing to create a more complete, overarching marketing strategy with maximum effectiveness in terms of expanding the company’s market share and increasing revenues and profitability.

Push marketing methods are:

  • Display advertising across devices i.e. publishers media buyer, network media buy, behavioral marketing
  • Social Marketing i.e. Facebook, Instagram, Linkedin, Twitter.
  • Video marketing i.e. Youtube, Facebook, Tik Tok…
  • Content Marketing i.e. blogging, an advertorial on publishers’ site, contest

Helpful

  • When releasing new products.
  • During holidays, or seasonal events.
  • When launching a new business or website without a reputation.
  • For sales and temporary promotional campaigns.
  • When expanding to a new niche.
  • To generate cash-flow or sales quickly.
  • To help clear out product stock before the end of a season.
  • To help promote brand recognition when competing against a dominant competitor.

Advantages:

  • The ability to establish a sales channel.
  • Able to forecast and predict demand.
  • Create product exposure, demand, and consumer awareness about a product.

Disadvantages

  • Poor negotiating power with retailers and distributors; the producers are the ones asking retailers to stock their products, and the product may be a new one and, therefore, not yet established as a profitable item for retailers to stock.
  • It requires an active sales team that is able to work/network actively with retailers and distributors.
  • Product may be new, it may be difficult to accurately forecast demand.
  • Initial marketing efforts are likely to be expensive, and because they are more focused on securing a one-time purchase than on building customer relationships and loyalty, the results may be short-lived.

Pull Strategy

A pull promotional strategy also called a pull marketing strategy, is the opposite of a push strategy. Instead of directly attempting to get products in front of customers, a pull strategy aims to get the customers to come to the product.

A pull strategy is all about getting the customer to come to you. There are six widely used pull marketing strategies employed today:

  • Word-of-mouth referrals
  • Advertising and mass media production
  • Customer relationship management
  • Sales promotions and discounts
  • Social media coverage
  • Email marketing

Pull marketing is often the primary business strategy for companies looking to:

  • Maintain dominance in a specific niche or industry
  • Build a return customer base or improve loyalty
  • Ensure long-term business growth
  • To promote brand recognition with customer engagement and visibility
  • Increase social media traffic as well as social media sharing
  • Grow traffic to their site across organic, referral, and social segments
  • Improve sales and revenue affordably, without an expensive ad budget
  • Engage with customers before they know what they want, at the top of their shopping funnel.

Advantages

  • Stronger bargaining power with retailers and distributors.
  • Able to establish direct contact with consumers and build consumer loyalty.
  • Focuses on creating brand equity and product value.
  • Consumers are actively seeking out the product, which removes much of the pressure of conducting outbound marketing.
  • Can be used to test a product’s acceptance in the market and obtain consumer feedback on the product.

Disadvantages

  • Usually works effectively only when there is high brand loyalty.
  • Requires creating a high demand for a product, which can be difficult in a highly competitive marketplace landscape.
  • Lead time is long, as consumers are comparing alternatives before making a purchase.
  • Requires strong marketing efforts to convince consumers to actively seek out the product (they may, instead, just decide to settle for whatever similar product a retailer has in stock, rather than insisting on getting your product).

Types:

Advertisements

Content advertising

Since needs and wants can motivate a customer to make a purchase, creating an answer for customer demands is an important part of pull marketing strategies. Content advertising specifically focuses on how a product could meet consumer demand. For example, around a holiday like Thanksgiving, a kitchen appliance company may advertise a new line of oven mittens due to a higher number of people cooking and baking.

Pay-per-click advertising

Also called paid advertising, pay-per-click advertising shows customers products based on their search questions and customer data, such as demographic, occupation or age. For example, a college student may see an advertisement for a new laptop after searching for affordable laptops online. Paid advertisements can appear on social media, webpages or videos. While paid advertising can cost more than other methods of advertising, it can be effective in targeting specific customers for your pull marketing strategy.

Outbound advertising

Outbound advertising is a marketing tactic that involves contacting customers via email or phone call concerning a product that may interest them. This kind of advertising could reach potential customers who have either already interacted with the company or who haven’t shown interest at all. For example, a company may send a promotional email about a new line of products to previous customers. Companies may also offer recent customers a discount for a future purchase. Keeping customers loyal and continuously gaining more customers can help a pull marketing strategy increase profits.

SEO

Search engine optimization (SEO) refers to when companies adjust their webpages to include popular keywords in order to rank higher in search results. High-ranking search results can further a company’s exposure to customers, which may lead to increased sales and more new customers. By adjusting a website to include specific search questions, a business can match a customer’s potential questions with products that answer them. For example, a shower company can optimize its blog to appear more often when users search for new showerheads. As a result, users may become interested in the company’s product.

Lucknow University BBA Notes

Management Information System LU BBA 6th Semester NEP Notes

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Unit 1 [Book]
Information Systems Concept & Technologies VIEW
Role of information Systems in Business VIEW
Influence of Information Systems in Transforming Businesses VIEW
Global E-Businesses and Collaborations VIEW
Strategic roles of Information Systems VIEW
Behavioural, Technical and Socio-technical approaches VIEW
Enhancing Business Processes through Information Systems VIEW
Types of Business Information Systems:
TPS VIEW
MIS VIEW
DSS VIEW VIEW
EIS VIEW
Organizing the Information Systems function in Business VIEW
Ethical and Social issues of Information Systems VIEW

 

Unit 2 [Book]
Implementing information system to Achieve  Competitive advantage: VIEW
Porter’s Competitive Forces Model VIEW
The Business Value Chain Model VIEW
Aligning Information Systems with Business VIEW
Decision Making and Information Systems: VIEW
Types of Decisions and the Decision-Making Process VIEW VIEW
Business Value of Improved Decision Making VIEW
Decision Support for Operational, Middle and Senior Management VIEW
Concepts of Database VIEW VIEW
Database Management System VIEW

 

Unit 3 [Book]
Functional Information Systems: Marketing, Human Resource, Financial and Operational Information Systems VIEW
VIEW
Cross Functional Information Systems VIEW
Enterprise Systems VIEW VIEW
Enterprise Systems Components VIEW
Supply Chain Management Systems VIEW
Customer Relationship Management Systems VIEW
Business Value of Enterprise applications and challenges in Implementing VIEW

 

Unit 4 [Book]
Implementing Information Systems as Planned Organisational Change VIEW
Business Process Reengineering VIEW
Systems Analysis and Systems Design VIEW
Modeling and Designing Systems: Structured and Object-Oriented Methodologies VIEW
Traditional Systems Life Cycle VIEW
Prototyping VIEW
End-User Development VIEW
Application Software Packages and Outsourcing VIEW
Implementing Information Systems VIEW
Introduction to Change Management VIEW VIEW
Management Notes

Transaction Processing System (TPS)

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Transaction Process System (TPS) is an information processing system for business transactions involving the collection, modification and retrieval of all transaction data. Characteristics of a TPS include performance, reliability and consistency.

TPS is also known as transaction processing or real-time processing.

A transaction process system and transaction processing are often contrasted with a batch process system and batch processing, where many requests are all executed at one time. The former requires the interaction of a user, whereas batch processing does not require user involvement. In batch processing the results of each transaction are not immediately available. Additionally, there is a delay while the many requests are being organized, stored and eventually executed. In transaction processing there is no delay and the results of each transaction are immediately available. During the delay time for batch processing, errors can occur. Although errors can occur in transaction processing, they are infrequent and tolerated, but do not warrant shutting down the entire system.

To achieve performance, reliability and consistency, data must be readily accessible in a data warehouse, backup procedures must be in place and the recovery process must be in place to deal with system failure, human failure, computer viruses, software applications or natural disasters.

Features of Transaction Processing System

There are several features involved in a good transaction processing system. A few of these critical features are described below.

  1. Performance

The concept behind the use of TPS is to efficiently generate timely results for transactions. Effectiveness is based on the number of transactions they can process at a particular time.

  1. Continuous availability

The transaction processing system should be a very stable and reliable system that must not crash easily. Disruption of TPS in an organization can lead to work disturbance and financial loss.

  1. Data integrity

The TPS must maintain the same method for all transactions processed, the system must be designed to effectively protect data and overcome any hardware/ software issues.

  1. Ease of use

The TPS should be user-friendly in order to encourage the use and also decrease errors from inputting data. It should be structured in such a way that it makes it easy to understand as well as guarding users against making errors during data-entry.

  1. Modular growth

The TPS hardware and software components should be able to be upgraded individually without requiring a complete overhaul.

  1. Controlled processing

Only authorized personnel, staff members, or employees should be able to access the system at a time.

Types of Transaction Processing Systems

  1. Batch processing

Batch processing is when clusters of transactions are refined simultaneously using a computer system.

This method, although designed to be efficient for breaking down bulky series of programs, has a drawback as there is a delay in the transaction result.

  1. Real-time Processing

Real-time processing carries out its transactions exclusively; this method ensures a swift reply on the condition of the transaction result. It is an ideal technique for dealing with singular transactions.

How does a Transaction Processing System Work?

  1. Processing in a batch

Processing batch transactions requires data collection and batch grouping. Data collected are stored in the form of batches and may be processed anytime.  This long-established technique was used widely in the absence of infotech.

  1. Processing in real-time

Recent technology innovations gave rise to real-time processing. RTP ensures instant data processing with the aim of providing a quick verification of the transaction. It is highly versatile as it can work effectively as a multi-user interface and can also be accessed anywhere there is an online network.

Components of Transaction Processing System

Below are some of the components involved in a TPS:

  • Inputs: These are source documents gotten from transactions which serve as inputs into the computer’s accounting system examples are invoices, and customer orders.
  • Processing: This requires the breaking down of information provided by the inputs.
  • Storage: This is saved information in TPS memory, it may be in the form of ledgers.
  • Output: Any generated record may serve as the output

Examples of Transaction Processing System

  • TPS accumulates data about transactions and also initiates processing that transforms stored data. Examples include order processing, employee records, and hotel reservation systems.
  • Batch transaction process examples include bill generation and check clearances.
  • Examples of real-time transaction processes are the point of sale terminals (P.O.S) and microfinance loan systems.

Limitations of Transaction Processing Systems

  • Managing operations with the TPS can be complicated if the company is not big enough to efficiently use the transaction processing system.
  • TPS needs both hardware and software components to efficiently manage high data volume. This capacity makes TPSs susceptible to software security breaches in the form of the virus and faulty hardware issues such as power outage can disrupt the whole system.
  • Effective integration of a TPS in a company operation requires skilled personnel, it also requires a link with associate company branches to maintain a secure flow of information. This high requirement can create instability and flux in the company’s daily operations.

Functions of Transaction Processing System

Transaction Processing Systems can execute input, output, storage, and processing functions.

(i) Input functions

This includes the securing of data on the source document, entering of input data in the system and also validate data.

(ii) Output functions

This includes the production of the report of the transaction via monitor or paper, examples are exception reports, detail reports, and summary reports.

(iii) Storage functions

This is the process by which data is stored. It entails the storage of information, accessing, sorting, and updating stored data.

(iv) Processing functions

This entails the transformation of data, it includes calculation, computation, and apt result.

Types of Recovery

  • Backup Recovery: this can be used to reverse required changes to a record.
  • Forward Recovery: this can be used to save transactions made between the last backup and the up to date time.it works by backing up a copy of the database and it is more proficient because it does not need to save each transaction.

A Transaction Processing System (TPS) is an infotech used to accumulate, store, modify and retrieve data transactions. Transaction processing systems present a unique response to user requirements, although planning to choose the most appropriate method relies heavily on the quantity of data and the type of business.

Management Notes

Information System and its Major Components

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An information system (IS) is a formal, sociotechnical, organizational system designed to collect, process, store, and distribute information. In a sociotechnical perspective, information systems are composed by four components: task, people, structure (or roles), and technology.

A computer information system is a system composed of people and computers that processes or interprets information. The term is also sometimes used in more restricted senses to refer to only the software used to run a computerized database or to refer to only a computer system.

Information Systems is an academic study of systems with a specific reference to information and the complementary networks of hardware and software that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create and also distribute data. An emphasis is placed on an information system having a definitive boundary, users, processors, storage, inputs, outputs and the aforementioned communication networks.

Any specific information system aims to support operations, management and decision-making. An information system is the information and communication technology (ICT) that an organization uses, and also the way in which people interact with this technology in support of business processes.

Some authors make a clear distinction between information systems, computer systems, and business processes. Information systems typically include an ICT component but are not purely concerned with ICT, focusing instead on the end use of information technology. Information systems are also different from business processes. Information systems help to control the performance of business processes.

Alter argues for advantages of viewing an information system as a special type of work system. A work system is a system in which humans or machines perform processes and activities using resources to produce specific products or services for customers. An information system is a work system whose activities are devoted to capturing, transmitting, storing, retrieving, manipulating and displaying information.

As such, information systems inter-relate with data systems on the one hand and activity systems on the other. An information system is a form of communication system in which data represent and are processed as a form of social memory. An information system can also be considered a semi-formal language which supports human decision making and action.

Components of Information Systems

The computer age introduced a new element to businesses, universities, and a multitude of other organizations: a set of components called the information system, which deals with collecting and organizing data and information. An information system is described as having five components.

  1. Computer hardware

This is the physical technology that works with information. Hardware can be as small as a smartphone that fits in a pocket or as large as a supercomputer that fills a building. Hardware also includes the peripheral devices that work with computers, such as keyboards, external disk drives, and routers. With the rise of the Internet of things, in which anything from home appliances to cars to clothes will be able to receive and transmit data, sensors that interact with computers are permeating the human environment.

  1. Computer software

The hardware needs to know what to do, and that is the role of software. Software can be divided into two types: system software and application software. The primary piece of system software is the operating system, such as Windows or iOS, which manages the hardware’s operation. Application software is designed for specific tasks, such as handling a spreadsheet, creating a document, or designing a Web page.

  1. Telecommunications

This component connects the hardware together to form a network. Connections can be through wires, such as Ethernet cables or fibre optics, or wireless, such as through Wi-Fi. A network can be designed to tie together computers in a specific area, such as an office or a school, through a local area network (LAN). If computers are more dispersed, the network is called a wide area network (WAN). The Internet itself can be considered a network of networks.

  1. Databases and Data Warehouses

This component is where the “material” that the other components work with resides. A database is a place where data is collected and from which it can be retrieved by querying it using one or more specific criteria. A data warehouse contains all of the data in whatever form that an organization needs. Databases and data warehouses have assumed even greater importance in information systems with the emergence of “big data,” a term for the truly massive amounts of data that can be collected and analyzed.

  1. Human Resources and Procedures

The final, and possibly most important, component of information systems is the human element: the people that are needed to run the system and the procedures they follow so that the knowledge in the huge databases and data warehouses can be turned into learning that can interpret what has happened in the past and guide future action.

Technologies within Information Systems:

  • Data Management:

This involves techniques for collecting, organizing, and storing data efficiently. It includes database management systems (DBMS), data modeling, data normalization, and data governance.

  • Information Retrieval:

Techniques for retrieving relevant information from large datasets or databases. This includes search algorithms, indexing methods, and information retrieval models.

  • Networking and Telecommunications:

Technologies that facilitate the transmission of data between computers and devices. This includes network protocols, wireless communication, and internet technologies.

  • Systems Analysis and Design:

Methodologies for analyzing organizational processes and designing information systems to support them. This involves requirements gathering, system modeling, and the use of tools such as Unified Modeling Language (UML).

  • Software Development:

Techniques for building software applications to automate business processes or provide decision support. This includes programming languages, software development methodologies (e.g., Agile, Waterfall), and software testing techniques.

  • Cybersecurity:

Measures to protect information systems from unauthorized access, data breaches, and other security threats. This includes encryption, firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and security policies.

  • Cloud Computing:

Delivery of computing services over the internet, allowing organizations to access resources such as storage, processing power, and software on-demand. This includes Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS) models.

  • Business Intelligence and Analytics:

Techniques for analyzing and interpreting data to gain insights and support decision-making. This includes data mining, predictive analytics, business intelligence tools, and visualization techniques.

  • Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP):

Integrated software systems that facilitate the management of core business processes, such as accounting, human resources, and supply chain management.

  • Emerging Technologies:

Constantly evolving technologies that have the potential to disrupt traditional Information Systems, such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, blockchain, and the Internet of Things (IoT).

Management Notes

Information Systems in Business

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Business information systems are sets of inter-related procedures using IT infrastructure in a business enterprise to generate and disseminate desired information.

Such systems are designed to support decision making by the people associated with the enterprise in the process of attainment of its objectives.

The business information system gets data and other resources of IT infrastructure as input from the environment and process them to satisfy the information needs of different entities associated with the business enterprise.

There are systems of control over the use of IT resources and the feedback system offers useful clues for increasing the benefits of information systems to business. The business information systems are sub-systems of business system and by themselves serve the function of feedback and control in business system.

Features of Business Information System

  • Data Management:

BIS involves the collection, storage, and management of data from various sources within an organization. This includes structured data from databases, as well as unstructured data from documents, emails, and other sources.

  • Integration:

BIS integrates data and processes across different functional areas of an organization, such as finance, human resources, sales, and marketing. This integration enables seamless communication and collaboration between departments.

  • Decision Support:

BIS provides tools and technologies for analyzing data and generating insights to support decision-making at all levels of the organization. This includes reporting tools, dashboards, and predictive analytics capabilities.

  • Automation:

BIS automates routine tasks and processes, increasing efficiency and reducing the likelihood of errors. This includes workflow automation, where tasks are automatically routed to the appropriate individuals based on predefined rules.

  • Accessibility:

BIS allows users to access information and perform tasks from anywhere at any time, using a variety of devices such as computers, tablets, and smartphones. This enables remote work and enhances flexibility.

  • Security:

BIS incorporates security measures to protect sensitive information and prevent unauthorized access or data breaches. This includes encryption, user authentication, access controls, and regular security audits.

  • Scalability:

BIS is designed to scale with the needs of the organization, accommodating growth in data volume, user base, and complexity. This scalability ensures that the system can continue to support the organization as it evolves.

  • Customization:

BIS can be customized to meet the specific requirements and workflows of an organization. This includes configuring user interfaces, reports, and business processes to align with the organization’s unique needs and preferences.

Key Components of Business Information System

  • Hardware:

This includes all the physical equipment used to process and store data within the information system. Hardware components may include servers, computers, networking devices (routers, switches), storage devices (hard drives, solid-state drives), and peripherals (printers, scanners).

  • Software:

Software components encompass the programs and applications used to manage data and support various business processes. This includes operating systems (e.g., Windows, Linux), database management systems (e.g., MySQL, Oracle), enterprise resource planning (ERP) software, customer relationship management (CRM) software, productivity suites (e.g., Microsoft Office), and specialized business applications.

  • Data:

Data is a fundamental component of any information system. It encompasses the raw facts and figures collected and stored by the system. Data can be structured (e.g., databases, spreadsheets) or unstructured (e.g., documents, emails). Effective management of data involves processes such as data capture, validation, storage, retrieval, and analysis.

  • Procedures:

Procedures refer to the methods and protocols established within the organization to govern the use of the information system. This includes guidelines for data entry, processing, security protocols, backup and recovery procedures, and user access controls. Well-defined procedures ensure consistency, accuracy, and compliance with organizational policies and standards.

  • People:

People are an integral component of any information system. This includes system users, administrators, IT support staff, managers, and other stakeholders involved in the operation, maintenance, and utilization of the system. Effective training, communication, and collaboration among individuals are essential for the successful implementation and operation of the information system.

  • Networks:

Networks facilitate the communication and exchange of data between different components of the information system. This includes local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), wireless networks, and the internet. Networking infrastructure enables seamless connectivity and collaboration among users and facilitates access to centralized data and resources.

  • Feedback Mechanisms:

Feedback mechanisms allow users to provide input, report issues, and suggest improvements to the information system. This may include user feedback forms, helpdesk support, system logs and monitoring tools, and periodic reviews and evaluations. Feedback mechanisms help identify areas for improvement and ensure that the information system continues to meet the evolving needs of the organization.

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