Category: Lucknow University BBA Notes

Lucknow University BBA Notes

Basic query and report generation in DBMS

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SQL Commands

  • SQL commands are instructions. It is used to communicate with the database. It is also used to perform specific tasks, functions, and queries of data.
  • SQL can perform various tasks like create a table, add data to tables, drop the table, modify the table, set permission for users.

Data Definition Language (DDL)

  • DDL changes the structure of the table like creating a table, deleting a table, altering a table, etc.
  • All the command of DDL is auto-committed that means it permanently saves all the changes in the database.

Commands that come under DDL:

  • Create
  • Alter
  • Drop
  • Truncate

Data Manipulation Language

  • DML commands are used to modify the database. It is responsible for all form of changes in the database.
  • The command of DML is not auto-committed that means it can’t permanently save all the changes in the database. They can be rollback.

Commands that come under DML:

  • Insert
  • Update
  • Delete

Data Control Language

DCL commands are used to grant and take back authority from any database user.

Commands that come under DCL:

  • Grant
  • Revoke

Transaction Control Language

  • TCL commands can only use with DML commands like INSERT, DELETE and UPDATE only.
  • These operations are automatically committed in the database that’s why they cannot be used while creating tables or dropping them.

Commands that come under TCL:

  • Commit
  • Rollback
  • Savepoint

Data Query Language

DQL is used to fetch the data from the database.

It uses only one command:

  • Select

Report generation

A report generator is a computer program whose purpose is to take data from a source such as a database, XML stream or a spreadsheet, and use it to produce a document in a format which satisfies a particular human readership.

Report generation functionality is almost always present in database systems, where the source of the data is the database itself. It can also be argued that report generation is part of the purpose of a spreadsheet. Standalone report generators may work with multiple data sources and export reports to different document formats.

An early report writer was part of the Nomad software.

Information systems theory specifies that information delivered to a target human reader must be Timely, Accurate and Relevant. Report generation software targets the final requirement by making sure that the information delivered is presented in the way most readily understood by the target reader.

Features of Report Generator:

  • For every phase of report generation, the report generator is user-friendly and effective.
  • From numerous sources of data, report generators can easily extract information.
  • Report generator operators with real-time work. The reports are automatically generated after arranging templates and report the frequency of annual, quarterly, monthly, and day to day reports and are sent to the email address that is set.
  • Report generator supports the reuse of templates to generate reports.
  • Printing or exporting of reports is supported by the report generator. The report can be exported or printed in pdf, images, or excel.
  • Users can review the reports anywhere and anytime by their phones with the help of the report generator.

Steps to Generate

Step 1

Open your preferred DBMS. Ensure that the application loads the data from the appropriate database.

Step 2

Navigate to the report writer within your DBMS. Select the tables from the database you wish to report. For example, your database might contain all inventory information but your report might want to pull only the tables that contain damaged and returned inventory.

Step 3

Design the appearance of your report in the “what-you-see-is-what-you-get” (WYSIWIG) report designer window. Insert static text, such as headers and titles, like “Damaged Inventory.”

Step 4

Insert dynamic text. Use the query language of your DBMS to indicate where the report generator should insert the values for specific fields, such as “Serial Number” or “Date Returned.”

Step 5

Preview the report using the report writer in your DBMS. Check that the layout displays properly and that the dynamic text is correct. Make any necessary corrections to the template.

Step 6

Export the report using your DBMS report writer. Save the file in your desired format, such as PDF or XML.

Lucknow University BBA Notes

Diction and Accent

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Diction is one’s choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing — in other words, almost the same as phraseology (a manner of expression, particularly one that’s characteristic of a particular speaker or writer). It can also mean the style of enunciation (the style of pronouncing words) in speaking or singing.

Diction is:

  • A style of speaking or writing as dependent upon choice of words.
  • The accent, inflection, intonation, and speech-sound quality manifested by an individual speaker, usually judged in terms of prevailing standards of acceptability; enunciation.

Pronunciation/ Accent is simply the way a given word is pronounced (the sound made for that word, and this sound may be in the correct way or something else).

Therefore, diction and pronunciation/ Accent are essentially different things, but they have a certain degree of overlap

Lucknow University BBA Notes

Non-ethnocentricism

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Ethnocentrism in social science and anthropology as well as in colloquial English discourse means to apply one’s own culture or ethnicity as a frame of reference to judge other cultures, practices, behaviors, beliefs, and people, instead of using the standards of the particular culture involved. Since this judgment is often negative, some people also use the term to refer to the belief that one’s culture is superior to, or more correct or normal than, all others especially regarding the distinctions that define each ethnicity’s cultural identity, such as language, behavior, customs, and religion. In common usage, it can also simply mean any culturally biased judgment. For example, ethnocentrism can be seen in the common portrayals of the Global South and the Global North.

Ethnocentrism is sometimes related to racism, stereotyping, discrimination, or xenophobia. However, the term “ethnocentrism” does not necessarily involve a negative view of the others’ race or indicate a negative connotation. The opposite of ethnocentrism is cultural relativism, which means to understand a different culture in its own terms without subjective judgments.

Lucknow University BBA Notes

Reward management

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Reward management is concerned with the formulation and implementation of strategies and policies that aim to reward people fairly, equitably and consistently in accordance with their value to the organization.

Reward management consists of analysing and controlling employee remuneration, compensation and all of the other benefits for the employees. Reward management aims to create and efficiently operate a reward structure for an organisation. Reward structure usually consists of pay policy and practices, salary and payroll administration, total reward, minimum wage, executive pay and team reward.

Objective

Reward management deals with processes, policies and strategies which are required to guarantee that the contribution of employees to the business is recognized by all means. Objective of reward management is to reward employees fairly, equitably and consistently in correlation to the value of these individuals to the organization. Reward systems exist in order to motivate employees to work towards achieving strategic goals which are set by entities as well as aligning the actions of employees to reflect the culture, aims and beliefs a business or organisation wishes to uphold. Reward management is not only concerned with pay and employee benefits. It is equally concerned with non-financial rewards such as recognition, training, development and increased job responsibility. Ultimately, Reward Management is a tool that uses various types of Employee Motivation to align the strategic and cultural goals of an employee, or group of employees, with the tactical targets set by a business or organisation.

Rewards

Rewards are more about incentives to your employee’s work. It’s just to motivate them towards the work and promote productivity. To encourage more quality work, you offer them rewards.

Benefits

Benefits are most often not built into one’s salary; for example health insurance offered by the company.

Perks

Perks act as a kind of treat to the employees. It is offered to make their work-life more enjoyable and stable. This could be anything like; Chill Fridays, less-stressful Mondays, and so on.

Stock options

Some organizations offer stocks to their employees at a fixed rate for some time. This is again a great way to motivate employees to stick with the organization in the long term.

Recognition programs

Most of the employees would prefer financial rewards for their efforts towards the company. However, some employees seek recognition for their hard work from the organization.

Important:

Mutually beneficial: A reward system is beneficial not only to the employee but also to the organisation. The employee will feel more motivated to work harder by having a reward system in place the employee will feel more committed to their work and their productivity will increase. An increase in productivity will then benefit the organisation. Therefore, a reward system is mutually beneficial to the employee and the organisation.

Absenteeism: A reward system will reduce absenteeism in the organisation. Employees like being rewarded for a job well done and if there is a reward system in place, employees will be less likely to be ringing in sick and not showing up for work. Also, by having a reward system in place the employees will be clearer about the targets and goals of the organisation as they will be rewarded when reach certain targets. So, by having a reward system as an incentive they will be less likely to be absent from work.

Motivation: A reward system will motivate employees by reaching targets and organisational goals in exchange for rewards. A reward system is great at motivating employees but they will also be motivated to prove themselves to the organisation.

Loyalty: A reward system will increase the employee’s loyalty to the organisation. By a reward system being in place the employee feels valued by the organisation and knows that their opinion matters. If an employee is happy with the reward system, they are more likely to appreciate work place and remain loyal to the organisation

Teamwork: The reward system will increase the teamwork spirit in the organisation. The reward system will promote teamwork to the employees. The employees will work together as part of a team to achieve their targets in return for rewards. Teamwork within the organisation will help increase efficiency and create a happier workplace. This is another reason why reward systems are important in business organisations.

Morale: Having a reward system in place providing employees with incentives and recognition will boost their morale. By encouraging employees to meet goals and targets it gives them clear focus and purpose which will their morale. By the employees morale being boosted this will increase the morale of the entire organisation. This is all down to a reward system in the organisation.

Lucknow University BBA Notes

Nature and Scope of Product Pricing Decisions

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Price is the stimulator that converts the procrastination of buyers into the desired choice, that suggests value that moves someone to take certain risks, that encourages them to spend the money to incur shopping and travel costs.

Pricing decisions have an impact on all phases of the Supply/Marketing channels. Suppliers, sales people, distributors, competitors and customers all are affected by the pricing system.

Price also gives a perception of quality. For example, a hotel chain, servicing the tourist package holiday market, will offer cheap prices to its customers. The customers will have a lower expectation of service quality than those offered at full premium price package. Since any offering is merely perceived as a bundle of diverse values, the opposite course, in product choice, is to agree to sacrifice service quality in favour of a lower price.

  1. Price allocates recourses: In a free-market economy and to some extent in a controlled economy, the resources can be allocated and reallocated by the process of price reduction and price increase. Price is used as a weapon, to realise the goals of a planned economy, and to allocate resources towards sectors, which have priority from the planning point of view.
  2. Price is essential to marketing: Price is a matter of great importance to both the buyer and the seller in the market place. In money economy without prices there can be no marketing. Price denotes the value of a product or service expressed in monetary terms. Only when a buyer and a seller agree on the price, does exchange and transfer of ownership take place.
  3. Price determines the general standard of living: Price influences consumer purchase decisions. It reflects the purchasing power of money and thus reflects the general standard of living. The lower the prices in an economy, the greater will be the purchasing power in the hands of the consumer and the higher will be the standard of living.
  4. Price regulates demand: Price is the strongest ‘P’ of the four “Ps” of the marketing mix. The marketing manager can regulate the demand of a product by increasing or decreasing its price. To increase demand, reduce the price and to decrease demand increase the price.

However, as an instrument to control demand, price should be used by those who are familiar with the dangers involved in using price as a mechanism to control demand, as the damage done by improper pricing can ruin the effectiveness of a well-conceived marketing programme.

  1. Price is a competitive weapon: Price is an important weapon to deal with competition. Any company whether it is selling high-, medium- or low-priced products, has to decide as to whether its prices will be above, below or equal to the prices set by the competitors. This is a basic policy issue and affects the entire planning process.
  2. Price is a determinant of profitability: Price influences the sales revenue of a product, which in turn determines the profitability of the firm. Price thus is the basis of generating profits for the firm. A change in the price mix of the marketing mix can be made more easily than a change in any other element of the marketing mix.

Thus, price changes are used more frequently for defensive and offensive strategies of a firm. The impact of price rise and fall is reflected instantly in the rise and fall of the profitability of a product, all other variables remaining the same.

Thus, price is a powerful marketing instrument. Every marketing plan involves a pricing decision. As such all-marketing planners should make accurate and planned pricing decisions.

Scope

Price is the stimulator that converts the procrastination of buyers into the desired choice, that suggests value that moves someone to take certain risks, that encourages them to spend the money to incur shopping and travel costs.

Pricing decisions have an impact on all phases of the supply/marketing channels. Suppliers, sales people, distributors, competitors and customers all are affected by the pricing system.

Price also gives a perception of quality. For example, a hotel chain, servicing the tourist package holiday market, will offer cheap prices to its customers. The customers will have a lower expectation of service quality than those offered at full premium price package. Since any offering is merely perceived as a bundle of diverse values, the opposite course, in product choice, is to agree to sacrifice service quality in favour of a lower price.

Price, of course, is not the only marketing tool available to the formulation of a marketing strategy. The price of money is only one of many interdependent references used to make a purchase that may favour or inhibit purchase. In fact, price often is not the decisive factor. The inherent belief that price is the main determinant of buyer choice, will lead a business to react to any sales-led crisis by discounting to distributors or final customers or both.

Unless sales responds strongly, this strategy will compound disaster, in that continued low sales at the lower price known as price war, will make an even smaller contribution to fixed overheads. But even if a sale goes up, gross margins will remain squeezed and a higher total income cannot be generated.

Worse, the extra sales may be the result of pipeline-filling by the distributors or by final customers stocking up ahead. Such increases may only be temporary, to be later compensated by a downward re-adjustment. Worse still any significant increase in sales that will come at the expense of other suppliers, and is likely to encourage retaliation by the most badly hit competitor. This, in turn, usually leads to a general price war, which quickly drives the weakest suppliers from the market and leaves even the strongest on permanently reduced margins.

In the early 1980s, People Express gained a significant market share in the air travel market through much curtailed prices. Other airlines, as a reaction, cut also their prices in order to maintain passenger loads. The final result was not an increased share of the market for People Express, but was adversely affected, falling into near bankruptcy. The condition deteriorated in 1986, it was taken over by one of its competitors.

A workable marketing strategy must take full account of the following factors, in addition to price:

(i) Perceived quality

(ii) Conforming quality

(iii) Time and place availability costs

(iv) Time expenditure costs

(v) Risk costs

(vi) Learning costs

(vii) Search effort costs

(viii) Design compromise costs.

The market strategy must be planned in terms of the way customers perceived value and react to differing stimuli affecting them.

Lucknow University BBA Notes

Product Management

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Product Management is the business process of planning, developing, launching, and managing a product or service. It includes the entire lifecycle of a product, from ideation to development to go to market. Product managers are responsible for ensuring that a product meets the needs of its target market and contributes to the business strategy, while managing a product or products at all stages of the product lifecycle. Software product management adapts the fundamentals of product management for digital products.

Role of Product Managers

Product managers are responsible for managing a company’s product line on a day-to-day basis. As a result, product managers are critical in both driving a company’s growth, margins, and revenue. They are responsible for the business case, conceptualizing, planning, product development, product marketing, and delivering products to their target market. Depending on the company size, industry, and history, product management has a variety of functions and roles. Frequently there is Profit and Loss (P&L) responsibility as a key metric for evaluating product manager performance.

Tasks

Product managers analyze information including customer research, competitive intelligence, industry analysis, trends, economic signals, and competitive activity, as well as documenting requirements, setting product strategy, and creating the roadmap. Product managers align across departments within their company including product design and development, marketing, sales, customer support, and legal.

Product management was born during the Great Depression when a 27-year-old marketer proposed the idea of a “Brand man” an employee to manage a specific product rather than a traditional business role. Since the 1930s, the continued success of this function has led to the growth of product organizations across industries and geographies.

1931: Neil H. McElroy, a marketing manager at Proctor & Gamble, writes a 300-page memo on the need for “brand men,” who manage specific products.

Late 1930s: McElroy is an advisor at Stanford University, where he influences two young visionaries: Bill Hewlett and David Packard.

1943-1993: Hewlett-Packard sustains 50 years of 20% Y/Y growth by implementing the “brand man” philosophy in their new company.

Late 1940s: Toyota develops JIT manufacturing principles, later adopted by Hewlett-Packard.

1953: Toyota develops the kanban method.

1970s: Tech companies in the U.S. start developing lightweight processes, in opposition to cumbersome processes that emerged from manufacturing industries.

1980s: Developing agile processes, combined with greater acceptance of “Brand management” roles, takes hold in many technology and software companies.

2001: The Agile Manifesto is written, which, in large part, broke down department silos and outdated processes, to make room for a unified product management role.

Lucknow University BBA Notes

Elements of presentation designing a presentation

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The Extreme Presentation method takes a marketing approach to presentation design: focusing on how to “Sell” your ideas to your audience. The method consists of the five essential elements of an effective presentation and ten practical steps to put each of those elements into practice.

The circle in the center of the Extreme Presentation method diagram, with the word “impact” in it, indicates that the entire purpose of the method is to ensure that you have impact on your audience. Around that inner circle, the next ring contains the five essential elements of an effective presentation:

  • Logic: we need to make sure that there is solid logic in our presentation and that our recommendations are robust.
  • Rhetoric: we must tell an interesting story, in a compelling way. Logic is important, but of no use to you if everyone has tuned out because they are bored.
  • Graphics: to make sure that you are using the most effective visual elements and overall layout.
  • Politics: to apply effective influence in order to get your audience to take action.
  • Metrics: to be clear on what the specific objective is for the presentation, and how success will be measured.

There are two steps in each of the five elements, for a total of ten steps. These steps are:

  • Audience: Identify the communication preferences of the different personality types.
  • Objectives: Set specific objectives for what you want your audience to think and do differently after your presentation.
  • Problem/Solution: Identify a problem your audience has that your presentation will contribute to solving.
  • Evidence: List all the information that you think you may need to include in your presentation.
  • Anecdotes: Identify brief anecdotes that highlight your most important points.
  • Sequencing: Sequence your information so that it tells a compelling story.
  • Graphics: Identify the most effective graphical elements to use in your presentation.
  • Layout: Create slides that communicate your information concisely and effectively.
  • Stakeholders: Identify any potential roadblocks to achieving your objectives, and make a plan to deal with each other.
  • Measurement: Decide how you will measure the success of your presentation.
Lucknow University BBA Notes

Presentation skills & Types

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Presenting information clearly and effectively is a key skill in getting your message across. Today, presentation skills are required in almost every field, and most of us are required to give presentations on occasions. While some people take this in their stride, others find it much more challenging.

Interaction with others is a routine job of businesses in today’s world. The importance of good presentation skills is established on the basis of following points:

  • They help an individual in enhancing his own growth opportunities. In addition, it also grooms the personality of the presenter and elevates his levels of confidence.
  • In case of striking deals and gaining clients, it is essential for the business professionals to understand the audience. Good presentation skills enable an individual to mold his message according to the traits of the audience. This increases the probability of successful transmission of messages.
  • Lastly, business professionals have to arrange seminars and give presentations almost every day. Having good presentation skills not only increases an individual’s chances of success, but also enable him to add greatly to the organization.

Presentation Skills improve

  • Research the Audience before Presenting: This will enable you to better understand the traits of the audience. You can then develop messages that can be better understood by your target audience. For instance, in case of an analytical audience, you can add more facts and figures in your presentation.
  • Structure your Presentation Effectively: The best way to do this is to start with telling the audience, in the introduction, what you are going to present. Follow this by presenting the idea, and finish off the presentation by repeating the main points.
  • Do a lot of Practice: Rehearse but do not go for memorizing the presentation. Rehearsals reduce your anxiety and enable you to look confident on the presentation day. Make sure you practice out loud, as it enables you to identify and eliminate errors more efficiently. Do not memorize anything as it will make your presentation look mechanical. This can reduce the degree of audience engagement.
  • Take a Workshop: Most medium and large businesses allow their employees to take employee development courses and workshops, as well-trained employees are essential to the success of any company. You can use that opportunity to take a workshop on professional presentation skills such as those offered by Langevin Learning Services, which are useful for all business professionals, from employees to business trainers and managers.

Types of Presentation Skills

Analytical

The best presenters are constantly improving their skills. To get better, you must be able to look honestly at your performance, assess the feedback you get, and figure out what you need to do to improve. That takes analytical thinking.

More importantly, you need to have a firm grasp of the information you are about to communicate to others. You need to analyze your audience and be prepared to think quickly if asked questions that force you to demonstrate that you are fully aware of the material and its implications.

  • Problem sensitivity
  • Reporting
  • Surveying
  • Optimization
  • Predictive Modelling
  • Problem-solving
  • Restructuring
  • Strategic planning
  • Integration
  • Process management
  • Ongoing improvement
  • Diagnostics
  • Dissecting
  • Evaluating
  • Judgment

Organization

You do not want to be the person who spends half of their presentation time trying to find a cable to connect their laptop to the projector. Many things can go wrong just before a presentation, and they probably will, unless you are organized.

Presentation preparation also means keeping track of notes, information, and start/stop times.

Nonverbal Communication

When speaking to an audience, the way you present yourself can be just as important as how you present your information. You want to appear confident and engaging. You can do this through good posture, the use of hand gestures, and making eye contact with the audience. Practice your nonverbal communication by filming yourself doing a practice presentation and observing your body language carefully.

  • Active listening
  • Bearing
  • Poise
  • Confidence
  • Emotional intelligence
  • Respect
  • Facilitating group discussion
  • Awareness of ethnic, political, and religious diversity
Lucknow University BBA Notes

Types of visual aid

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Good visuals in a business presentation can range from complex videos to a simple poster. For those presenters who are not skilled in the video arts, there are several ways to present information with visuals that will help your audience remember key points long after your presentation has ended. Three effective methods include PowerPoint presentations, flip charts and posters.

PowerPoint Presentations

PowerPoint offers hundreds of font, audio and image options for its users. The first thing presenters should understand is that just because there are 350 font options does not mean you should use them. Always use either light font over a dark background or dark font over a light background. Avoid red font and green backgrounds or fonts and backgrounds that are close on the color wheel as they will be difficult to read. Follow the rule of 8. The rule of 8 states that you should be able to read your presentation while standing 8 feet away from the standard computer screen. If the font is too small to read from this distance, it will be too small to read in your presentation. Include a maximum of five points per page.

Effective Flip Charts

Flip Charts are not only inexpensive but they can also be used for ideas and brainstorming within the context of the meeting. Use dark markers to write on a flip chart and make sure you have plenty of paper on the flip chart pad. Some flip charts now have adhesive on the back of each page so the presenter when finished, can stick the page to a corresponding wall that the audience can see. This feature prevents having to flip back and forth from page to page wasting valuable time and allows for writing a free flow of ideas with ease.

Effective Posters

Posters are prepared much in advance of a presentation. The simplest posters can be made from poster board with graphics and text added with glue or tape. More advanced posters can be made using PowerPoint and then printed and laminated for a more professional look. Change the size of your PowerPoint slide to a good poster size, such as 2-by-3 feet , and decrease the view percentage on your computer screen to around 25 percent, or the smallest view that still allows you to see each element clearly. PowerPoint hints also apply to poster design. Avoid designing posters that are too busy or have too much text. A poster should have an eye-catching visual that tells the story without viewers having to read paragraphs of accompanying text.

Simplicity is key in conveying information visually. The more complex the visual, the more likely you are to lose the message you are trying to convey. Visuals can help your audience retain information up to six times longer. Beware, however, of staying on one visual for too long. According to The Eggleston Group, studies show that audience members become bored with a visual after 7 to 10 seconds. Always rehearse with your visuals. Don’t forget to inspect the room where you will be presenting to make sure the elements required for your presentation, such as projectors, screens and outlets, are available.

Lucknow University BBA Notes

Positive and Negative messages

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Positive persuasive messages, however, point out the good things that can happen if people follow a course of action or if they follow the wrong path. Negative persuasive arguments illustrate the bad things that may happen if people do not follow a particular course of action or if they do the wrong thing.

Positive Emotional Messages

The same kinds of messages can use positive appeals. For example, a positive anti-smoking campaign would show kids doing well in school, looking healthy and happy and having lots of positive friends. A positive recycling message would talk about how many natural resources are saved by recycling, what a positive thing it is for business finances and how recycling saves habitats for endangered species. Positive appeals emphasize the good and appeal to the listener’s desire for good, happy emotions.

Positive Logical Appeals

Positive rational messages use facts, statistics and details, but instead of emphasizing the negative effects of not acting or acting negatively, they emphasize the positive effects of action. For example, a positive persuasive message on drinking during pregnancy would emphasize that those who choose not to drink have healthier babies who are three times more likely to have normal intelligence and twice as likely to be born healthy and alive.

Positive Business Messages

Positive persuasion in a business situation emphasizes positive action. For example, an employee evaluation could say, “I appreciate your insights, and look forward to hearing from you more often in meetings.” A business may use positive persuasion for collecting payments, such as offering discounts for early or prompt payment. An alarm company using positive appeals would emphasize peace of mind and the knowledge that an outside person is looking out for the well-being and safety of your workplace or family

Negative Emotional Appeals

People use negative emotions fear, anxiety and disgust, for instance to craft negative persuasive messages. These arguments predict that something scary, disgusting or bad will happen if people don’t follow a course of action or if they do the wrong thing. For example, anti-smoking messages are generally fear messages. The famous “this is your brain on drugs” advertisements played on the fear that a persons’ brain would fry if that person took drugs. Ads calling cigarettes “Killaz” and ads showing teens with rotted out teeth and lesions on the body due to methamphetamine use also use fear to persuade. A photo of a mile-wide garbage island in the ocean promotes disgust, and can motivate people to recycle more to try to avoid polluting the oceans.

Negative Logical Messages

Negative logical messages show that negative results will follow a certain action or inaction. For example, an argument may use statistics from the March of Dimes to show that mothers who drink alcohol during pregnancy are more likely to have miscarriages or premature delivery, and women who have five or more drinks per week are 70 percent more likely to have stillborn babies. This kind of logical argument pointing out dangers and problems is a negative persuasive message.

Negative Persuasion in Business

In a business setting, a negative persuasive message generally threatens negative consequences as a means of motivation. For example, an evaluation for an employee with unsatisfactory job performance threatens disciplinary action, puts the person on probation or outlines negative qualities. For example, it may say, “Your constant tardiness and inability to contribute productively in meetings lead us to put you in probationary standing. If your performance does not improve in three months, there will be further disciplinary action.” Another type of negative persuasion is threatening to turn an account over to a collection agency, or a sales appeal that says without a certain product such as an alarm system your family or business is in danger.

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