by The Circumplex Model of Marriage and Family Systems is a theoretical framework used to understand family dynamics and relationships. Developed by David H. Olson and colleagues in the 1980s, the model proposes that family systems can be understood in terms of two key dimensions: family cohesion and family flexibility.
Family Cohesion:
Family cohesion refers to the degree to which family members are emotionally connected and share common values, beliefs, and goals. Families that score high on cohesion are characterized by close relationships, strong emotional bonds, and a sense of shared identity. They often engage in activities together, communicate openly and frequently, and prioritize family relationships over individual needs.
On the other hand, families that score low on cohesion may have weak emotional bonds, little shared identity, and limited communication. Family members may have different values, interests, and goals, and may prioritize their individual needs over the needs of the family as a whole.
According to the Circumplex Model, family cohesion can be measured on a continuum from disengaged to enmeshed. Disengaged families are low in cohesion, while enmeshed families are high in cohesion. Healthy families fall somewhere in between, with moderate levels of cohesion.
Disengaged Families:
Disengaged families are characterized by low levels of cohesion and high levels of autonomy. Family members may have little emotional connection to each other, and may prioritize their individual needs over the needs of the family. Communication may be limited, and there may be little involvement in each other’s lives. While disengagement can be adaptive in some situations, such as when children are becoming independent, excessive disengagement can be harmful, leading to feelings of isolation and disconnection.
Enmeshed Families:
Enmeshed families are characterized by high levels of cohesion and low levels of autonomy. Family members may have strong emotional bonds, and may prioritize the needs of the family over their individual needs. Communication may be frequent, but it may also be intense and intrusive. Family members may have difficulty setting boundaries or maintaining independence, leading to feelings of frustration and resentment.
Moderately Cohesive Families:
Healthy families fall somewhere in between disengaged and enmeshed families. Moderately cohesive families have a balance between emotional connection and independence. Family members are connected and supportive of each other, but also have the freedom to pursue their individual goals and interests. Communication is open and frequent, but also respectful of boundaries and individual privacy.
Family Flexibility:
Family flexibility refers to the degree to which a family can adapt to change and handle stress. Families that score high on flexibility are characterized by the ability to adjust to changing circumstances and cope with challenges. They may be open to new ideas, able to negotiate conflicts effectively, and able to handle unexpected events.
On the other hand, families that score low on flexibility may struggle to adapt to change, may become stuck in rigid patterns of behavior, and may have difficulty coping with stress. They may have difficulty negotiating conflicts or handling unexpected events.
According to the Circumplex Model, family flexibility can be measured on a continuum from rigid to chaotic. Rigid families are low in flexibility, while chaotic families are high in flexibility. Healthy families fall somewhere in between, with moderate levels of flexibility.
Rigid Families:
Rigid families are characterized by a lack of flexibility and a strict adherence to rules and routines. Family members may have difficulty adapting to change, and may become anxious or upset when faced with unexpected events. Communication may be limited, and conflicts may be avoided or suppressed. While rigidity can provide a sense of stability and structure, excessive rigidity can be harmful, leading to feelings of anxiety and stress.
Chaotic Families:
Chaotic families are characterized by high levels of flexibility and low levels of organization. They may struggle to establish consistent routines or rules, and may have difficulty maintaining stability. Family members may be impulsive, unpredictable, and may have difficulty setting boundaries or following through on commitments. Communication may be erratic, and conflicts may be intense and frequent.
While chaotic families may be able to adapt quickly to changing circumstances, their lack of structure and organization can lead to feelings of confusion, anxiety, and stress. Children in chaotic families may struggle with feelings of insecurity and uncertainty, and may have difficulty developing a sense of self or establishing healthy relationships with others.
Moderately Flexible Families:
Healthy families fall somewhere in between rigid and chaotic families. Moderately flexible families have a balance between stability and adaptability. They are able to establish consistent routines and rules, but are also able to adjust to changing circumstances when necessary. Communication is open and respectful, and conflicts are resolved in a constructive manner.
Moderately flexible families are able to handle stress and unexpected events without becoming overwhelmed or anxious. Children in moderately flexible families are able to develop a sense of security and stability, while also learning important skills such as problem-solving, communication, and conflict resolution.
Relationship between Cohesion and Flexibility:
The Circumplex Model proposes that family cohesion and flexibility are interrelated dimensions, and that the optimal level of each dimension depends on the level of the other. In other words, a family that is highly cohesive may benefit from a moderate level of flexibility, while a family that is highly flexible may benefit from a moderate level of cohesion.
For example, a family that is highly cohesive but low in flexibility may struggle to adapt to changing circumstances, leading to feelings of stress and anxiety. Conversely, a family that is highly flexible but low in cohesion may lack the emotional connection and support needed to cope with stress and maintain stability.
Optimal Level of Cohesion and Flexibility:
The Circumplex Model proposes that healthy families fall in the middle of the cohesion-flexibility continuum, with moderate levels of both dimensions. This balance allows families to establish a sense of emotional connection and support, while also maintaining the flexibility needed to adapt to changing circumstances and handle stress.
However, the optimal level of cohesion and flexibility may vary depending on the family’s culture, values, and life stage. For example, a family in a collectivistic culture may prioritize high levels of cohesion, while a family in an individualistic culture may prioritize more autonomy and flexibility. Similarly, a family with young children may benefit from more structure and stability, while a family with teenagers may need more flexibility to adjust to changing needs and interests.
Applications of the Circumplex Model:
The Circumplex Model has a wide range of applications in clinical and research settings. It can be used to assess family functioning and identify areas of strength and areas in need of improvement. It can also be used to develop interventions aimed at improving family cohesion, flexibility, and overall functioning.
For example, family therapy based on the Circumplex Model may focus on helping families to balance cohesion and flexibility, establish consistent routines and rules, improve communication and conflict resolution skills, and promote individual and family growth. Researchers may use the Circumplex Model to study the impact of family cohesion and flexibility on a variety of outcomes, such as child development, mental health, and relationship satisfaction.
