Tag: Market Segmentation

Key difference between Marketing and Selling

Marketing

Marketing is the process of identifying, anticipating, and satisfying customer needs and wants through the creation, promotion, pricing, and distribution of goods, services, or ideas. It involves understanding target markets, analyzing consumer behavior, and crafting strategies to deliver value while achieving organizational goals. Marketing encompasses activities such as advertising, branding, market research, and sales. It bridges the gap between businesses and consumers by communicating a product’s value proposition and fostering relationships. Modern marketing emphasizes customer-centric approaches, leveraging digital tools and data analytics to engage effectively with audiences, ensuring sustainable growth and competitive advantage in a dynamic marketplace.

Features of Marketing:

• Customer Orientation

Marketing revolves around the customer, focusing on identifying, anticipating, and fulfilling their needs and preferences. It emphasizes delivering value to customers to ensure satisfaction and loyalty, making the customer the centerpiece of all marketing activities.

• Value Creation

The essence of marketing is creating value for customers through goods, services, and experiences. It involves designing products or services that meet customer expectations while ensuring the price reflects the perceived value, fostering long-term relationships.

• Market Research

Marketing relies on research to gather insights about consumer behavior, preferences, and market trends. Effective market research helps businesses make informed decisions, segment their audience, and craft targeted strategies that resonate with specific customer groups.

• Exchange Process

Marketing facilitates the exchange of goods and services between buyers and sellers. This exchange process involves communication, negotiation, and transactions, ensuring that both parties derive value from the interaction.

• Continuous Process

Marketing is an ongoing process that evolves with changing consumer demands, technological advancements, and market conditions. It requires businesses to adapt, innovate, and remain dynamic to maintain relevance and competitiveness.

• Integrated Approach

Marketing integrates various functions, including product development, pricing, promotion, and distribution. By coordinating these elements, businesses ensure a seamless and cohesive strategy that effectively reaches their target audience and achieves organizational goals.

• Goal-Oriented

Marketing aims to achieve specific objectives such as increasing sales, enhancing brand recognition, and building customer loyalty. It aligns with the broader business goals of growth and profitability, ensuring that every marketing activity contributes to the organization’s success.

• Focus on Relationships

Modern marketing emphasizes building and nurturing long-term relationships with customers, suppliers, and other stakeholders. It aims to create trust and loyalty through personalized interactions, ensuring mutual benefits for all parties involved.

Selling

Selling is the process of persuading and convincing potential buyers to purchase a product, service, or idea. It involves direct interaction with customers to communicate the benefits, features, and value of what is being offered. The primary goal of selling is to address customer needs and create a mutually beneficial exchange that satisfies both the buyer and the seller. Selling requires skills such as effective communication, negotiation, and relationship-building. It focuses on closing transactions and often involves identifying prospects, handling objections, and ensuring customer satisfaction. While selling is a component of marketing, it is more transactional and deal-oriented.

Features of Marketing:

• Customer Orientation

The core of marketing lies in understanding and satisfying customer needs and wants. Marketers conduct research to identify customer preferences, behaviors, and pain points, ensuring that products or services meet their demands. This customer-centric approach builds long-term relationships and fosters loyalty.

• Value Creation and Exchange

Marketing focuses on creating value for both customers and businesses. It involves offering products or services that solve problems, fulfill desires, or improve the customer’s life. In return, customers provide value through monetary payment or loyalty, establishing a mutually beneficial exchange.

• Dynamic Environment

Marketing operates in a constantly changing environment influenced by factors such as technology, market trends, consumer behavior, and competition. Marketers must adapt strategies to stay relevant and competitive in response to these changes.

• Integrated Process

Marketing is not limited to a single function but integrates various activities, including product development, pricing, distribution, promotion, and customer relationship management. These functions work cohesively to achieve marketing objectives and create a seamless customer experience.

• Focus on Relationships

Modern marketing emphasizes building and maintaining strong relationships with customers, suppliers, partners, and other stakeholders. By fostering trust and engagement, businesses can ensure customer retention, repeat purchases, and positive word-of-mouth referrals.

• Use of Research and Data

Marketing relies heavily on research and data analytics to make informed decisions. Insights from market research, surveys, and consumer data help identify opportunities, predict trends, and tailor strategies to meet specific customer needs effectively.

• Profit and Growth Orientation

While customer satisfaction is a priority, marketing also aims to achieve business profitability and growth. Effective marketing strategies drive revenue, enhance brand equity, and create competitive advantages that contribute to an organization’s success.

• Communication and Promotion

Marketing involves communicating a product’s value proposition to the target audience. This includes advertising, personal selling, public relations, and digital marketing. Effective communication helps in creating awareness, generating interest, and persuading customers to make a purchase.

The SERVQUAL model, developed by Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry, is a widely used framework for assessing and improving service quality. It focuses on understanding the gap between customer expectations and their perceptions of the actual service delivered. SERVQUAL evaluates service quality across five dimensions: Tangibles, Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, and Empathy. This model provides businesses with actionable insights to enhance customer satisfaction and loyalty.

Key Dimensions of the SERVQUAL Model

• Tangibles

This dimension refers to the physical aspects of a service, such as the appearance of facilities, equipment, personnel, and communication materials. Customers often associate the quality of service with visual elements. Modern, clean, and well-maintained physical facilities create a positive first impression. For instance, in the hospitality industry, the cleanliness of hotel rooms and the design of lobbies are critical tangible aspects.

Importance: Tangibles influence customer perceptions and enhance the overall service experience.

• Reliability

Reliability measures the ability of a service provider to deliver consistent and dependable service. Customers expect businesses to fulfill promises, whether related to delivery time, product quality, or support services. For example, an e-commerce company that guarantees next-day delivery must ensure timely fulfillment.

Importance: Reliability builds trust and long-term relationships with customers.

• Responsiveness

This dimension evaluates how promptly and effectively a business responds to customer inquiries, complaints, or requests. Customers value quick and courteous responses, whether through customer service representatives, email, or chat support. For example, airlines addressing flight delays promptly and offering solutions demonstrate high responsiveness.

Importance: Responsiveness fosters a sense of importance and care, improving customer satisfaction.

• Assurance

Assurance involves the knowledge, competence, and courtesy of employees and their ability to instill confidence in customers. This dimension is particularly significant in industries like healthcare, banking, and education, where customers seek trust and security. For instance, a knowledgeable bank representative who explains financial products clearly can boost customer confidence.

Importance: Assurance enhances trust and reduces perceived risks.

• Empathy

Empathy assesses the extent to which service providers understand and care about the individual needs of their customers. Personalized services, attentive listening, and addressing specific concerns are hallmarks of empathy. In retail, a salesperson who recommends products based on a customer’s unique preferences demonstrates empathy.

Importance: Empathy fosters emotional connections, encouraging customer loyalty.

Gap Model of Service Quality:

The SERVQUAL framework identifies five key gaps that can impact service quality:

1. Gap 1: Knowledge Gap

   The difference between customer expectations and the management’s understanding of those expectations. This often arises from inadequate market research or customer feedback.

   Solution: Conduct regular surveys and focus groups to understand customer needs.

2. Gap 2: Policy Gap

   The gap between management’s perception of customer expectations and the service standards they set. Poorly designed policies can lead to a mismatch between expectations and service delivery.

   Solution: Align service standards with customer expectations.

3. Gap 3: Delivery Gap

   The difference between established service standards and actual service delivery. This can occur due to inadequate employee training, poor resource allocation, or lack of motivation.

   Solution: Invest in employee training and improve operational processes.

4. Gap 4: Communication Gap

   The gap between promised service (through advertising or promotional materials) and what is actually delivered. Overpromising can lead to customer dissatisfaction.

   Solution: Ensure honest and realistic marketing communication.

5. Gap 5: Perception Gap

   The gap between customer expectations and their perceptions of the actual service received. This results from discrepancies in service quality at different touchpoints.

   Solution: Consistently monitor and address service quality issues.

Applications of the SERVQUAL Model:

• Customer Feedback

The SERVQUAL model helps organizations systematically gather and analyze customer feedback on service quality, enabling targeted improvements.

• Benchmarking

Businesses use SERVQUAL to benchmark their service quality against competitors or industry standards, identifying areas where they excel or lag.

• Employee Training

The insights from SERVQUAL highlight specific areas where employees need training, such as communication skills or technical knowledge.

• Service Redesign

By identifying gaps, the SERVQUAL model guides businesses in redesigning their service processes for better alignment with customer expectations.

Advantages of the SERVQUAL Model:

• Comprehensive Evaluation: It provides a detailed assessment of service quality across multiple dimensions.
• Customer-Centric: Focuses on customer expectations and perceptions, making it highly relevant for enhancing satisfaction.
• Actionable Insights: Identifies specific areas for improvement, enabling targeted interventions.
• Versatility: Applicable across various industries, from healthcare to retail.

Challenges and Limitations:

• Subjectivity in Perceptions: Customer perceptions of service quality can vary widely, making it difficult to generalize results.
• Dynamic Expectations: Customer expectations evolve over time, requiring continuous updates to the model.
• Resource-Intensive: Implementing the SERVQUAL model requires significant investment in surveys, data analysis, and staff training.

• Focus on Gaps: While useful, the model emphasizes identifying gaps rather than exploring strengths.

Service Marketing refers to the promotion and management of services rather than physical products. It involves strategies aimed at delivering value and building customer satisfaction through intangible offerings. Unlike goods, services are intangible, inseparable from the service provider, variable, and perishable. Service marketing focuses on understanding customer needs, managing service quality, and ensuring effective communication. It includes the 7 Ps of marketing: Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Process, and Physical Evidence. The goal of service marketing is to differentiate a service offering, build strong customer relationships, and enhance service delivery for long-term success.

Features and Characteristics of Services:

• Intangibility

The most defining feature of services is their intangibility. Unlike physical products, services cannot be touched, seen, or owned. This makes it difficult for customers to evaluate the service before purchase. For instance, customers cannot physically examine or test the quality of a service like they can with a product. This characteristic makes marketing more challenging as businesses must focus on building trust, using testimonials, offering guarantees, and emphasizing the expertise of service providers. Examples of intangible services include education, healthcare, and consulting.

• Inseparability

Services are inseparable from the service provider. This means that the production and consumption of services occur simultaneously. The service provider and the customer are both involved in the service delivery process. For example, in a hair salon, the service (a haircut) is being produced and consumed at the same time. Unlike products that can be produced in bulk and stored for later sale, services are delivered in real-time. The quality of service is highly influenced by the interaction between the customer and the service provider, making customer experience crucial to service marketing.

• Variability (Heterogeneity)

Services are highly variable and can differ from one instance to another, even when offered by the same provider. The quality of service can vary depending on the provider, time, place, and circumstances. This variability can arise due to human factors (such as the mood or skill of the service provider) or environmental factors (like service conditions). For instance, the quality of customer service in a restaurant might differ from one day to the next, depending on the staff or service conditions. As a result, consistency in service quality becomes a challenge for service providers.

• Perishability

Services are perishable, meaning they cannot be stored, saved, or inventoried. Once a service is offered and consumed, it cannot be reused or resold. For instance, an empty hotel room for a night cannot be sold once the day has passed. This characteristic forces service providers to manage supply and demand carefully. To avoid loss of revenue, they must ensure that their service capacity matches the demand at any given time, often using strategies such as price adjustments, promotions, or reservation systems to manage fluctuations in demand.

• Simultaneous Production and Consumption

As mentioned earlier, the production and consumption of services occur simultaneously. This characteristic differentiates services from products, which can be produced and stored before being consumed. In services, the customer is often present during the service process, such as in a hospital during a medical consultation or at a gym during a workout. This simultaneous interaction between the customer and the service provider can influence the quality of the service, as customer participation plays an important role in the final outcome.

• Lack of Ownership

When customers purchase services, they do not gain ownership of anything tangible. They may benefit from the outcome of the service, but they cannot possess it. For example, when a customer buys a flight, they do not own the airplane; they simply enjoy the benefits of the service (the journey). This contrasts with product marketing, where the consumer gains ownership of the physical product. The lack of ownership makes services more difficult to market since the customer is purchasing an experience or benefit rather than a tangible asset.

• Customer Participation

In many services, the customer’s participation is required for the service to be effective. For instance, a customer’s involvement in a fitness training session, an educational course, or even a consultation with a financial advisor is essential for the service to deliver its intended results. The level of customer participation can affect service quality, and customers are often active collaborators in the service process. This characteristic underscores the importance of customer satisfaction and engagement in service delivery, as the final outcome is partially dependent on their involvement.

• Service Delivery Channels

Service delivery in services can be carried out through various channels, including in-person, over the phone, or through digital platforms. For example, education can be delivered through classrooms, online classes, or blended learning methods. Similarly, banking services can be provided in-branch, through ATMs, or via online banking platforms. The rise of digital technology has expanded service delivery channels, offering new ways to provide services remotely or via digital interfaces, thus improving accessibility and convenience for customers.

Challenges of Services:

• Intangibility

The intangibility of services is one of the greatest challenges in marketing and managing them. Since services cannot be seen, touched, or owned, it becomes difficult for customers to evaluate them before purchase. This challenge forces businesses to focus on creating strong brand reputations, using testimonials, and providing guarantees to enhance customer confidence. To address this challenge, service providers often use physical evidence, such as well-designed offices or uniforms, to make the service feel more tangible and credible.

• Inseparability

The inseparability of services means that they are produced and consumed simultaneously. This presents a challenge for service providers in maintaining consistent quality, as the service is influenced by the interaction between the service provider and the customer. In industries such as healthcare or education, the service is dependent on both the skills of the provider and the participation of the customer. Managing this interaction requires continuous training, proper recruitment, and systems to maintain service quality across all customer interactions.

• Variability (Heterogeneity)

Services are often heterogeneous, meaning that their quality can vary from one service encounter to another, even if the same provider delivers them. Variability can arise from factors such as the skills and mood of the service provider, customer expectations, or environmental conditions. This poses a challenge for service businesses that aim to offer a consistent customer experience. Standardization and quality control mechanisms are essential to minimize variability, though total uniformity is often impossible due to the human aspect of service delivery.

• Perishability

Unlike products, services are perishable; they cannot be stored, inventoried, or saved for later use. This creates a challenge for service providers in managing capacity and demand. For example, an empty hotel room or an unsold airline seat results in lost revenue, as those opportunities cannot be recaptured. To manage perishability, businesses must forecast demand accurately, optimize service capacity, and use pricing strategies such as discounts or promotions to encourage demand during off-peak times.

• Customer Involvement

Many services require a high level of customer involvement in the delivery process. For example, in education, the outcome of the service is highly dependent on the student’s participation. Similarly, in fitness, customer involvement is critical for achieving desired results. High customer participation requires companies to ensure that customers are engaged, informed, and satisfied throughout the service process. This challenge emphasizes the need for effective communication and customer education to ensure that the customer knows their role in service delivery.

• Managing Customer Expectations

Service businesses must manage customer expectations, which can be a challenge due to the subjective nature of services. Customers have different needs, desires, and perceptions, which can lead to dissatisfaction if the service fails to meet expectations. Overpromising or failing to communicate effectively can result in poor customer experiences. To address this challenge, service providers must set realistic expectations, provide clear communication, and focus on delivering a service that matches or exceeds customer expectations. This can be achieved by consistently delivering on promises and maintaining high-quality standards.

• Employee Dependence

In service industries, employees play a crucial role in the delivery of services. The quality of service is often influenced by the skills, attitude, and behavior of employees, making it essential to recruit and retain qualified personnel. Employee turnover, lack of motivation, or inadequate training can negatively impact service quality. Therefore, service providers need to invest in staff development, continuous training, and creating a positive work environment to ensure that employees deliver high-quality, consistent services.

• Service Innovation and Differentiation

In a competitive service industry, businesses must continuously innovate and differentiate their offerings to stay ahead. Since services are intangible and their quality is often subjective, service providers face the challenge of finding unique ways to stand out. This can be particularly difficult in industries with little differentiation, such as fast food or retail. Service innovation can involve new service offerings, better customer experiences, or incorporating technology to enhance service delivery. It is important for businesses to understand customer needs and preferences to develop innovative services that offer a competitive advantage.

Sales Performance Review or analysis is a crucial part of a company’s overall performance management system. It involves evaluating the effectiveness of the sales efforts, identifying areas for improvement, and aligning sales strategies with organizational goals. This process allows organizations to track how well their sales teams are performing, assess the return on investment in sales activities, and determine whether sales objectives are being met.

Importance of Sales Performance Review:

Sales performance review is important for several reasons:

• Identifying Trends: Reviewing sales performance helps identify trends, both positive and negative, which can be leveraged to improve sales strategies.
• Goal Alignment: It ensures that the sales team’s activities are in alignment with the company’s overall objectives and sales targets.
• Resource Allocation: Analyzing sales performance helps companies allocate resources effectively, ensuring that efforts are focused on the most profitable areas.
• Motivation and Recognition: It helps identify top performers, providing an opportunity for recognition and motivating other sales personnel to improve.

Key Metrics for Sales Performance Review:

A successful sales performance review should include key performance indicators (KPIs) to assess various aspects of sales activity. These metrics are:

• Sales Volume: Measures the total number of products or services sold during a specific period. It is one of the most basic but important metrics.
• Revenue and Profit: Revenue indicates the total income generated from sales, while profit focuses on the net income after expenses. Both are crucial to understanding the financial contribution of the sales team.
• Sales Growth: Compares the current sales figures to previous periods to measure growth. This helps assess whether the sales team is improving over time.
• Conversion Rate: The percentage of leads or prospects that are converted into actual sales. A high conversion rate indicates a strong sales process.
• Customer Acquisition Cost (CAC): Measures the cost associated with acquiring each new customer. This helps understand the efficiency of the sales efforts.
• Customer Retention Rate: Measures how well the sales team maintains relationships with existing customers, ensuring repeat business and long-term customer loyalty.
• Sales Cycle Length: The average time it takes to close a deal from the initial contact to final sale. A shorter sales cycle generally reflects an efficient sales process.

Process of Sales Performance Review:

• Data Collection:

Gathering relevant sales data from various sources, including CRM systems, sales reports, customer feedback, and financial records.

• Performance Evaluation:

Analyzing the collected data using KPIs and other metrics. Performance is compared against pre-established targets or benchmarks.

• Trend Analysis:

Examining sales trends over different periods (monthly, quarterly, or annually) to identify patterns in sales activities, market demands, and customer preferences.

• Identify Strengths and Weaknesses:

Determining areas where the sales team has excelled (e.g., high conversion rates, increased revenue) and areas that require improvement (e.g., low customer retention, long sales cycles).

• Root Cause Analysis:

Identifying the underlying factors contributing to performance issues, such as inadequate training, poor sales strategies, market competition, or external economic conditions.

• Team Review:

Conducting team meetings or one-on-one sessions to discuss individual and team performance, share feedback, and brainstorm improvements.

• Set New Targets:

Based on the analysis, adjusting sales targets, refining strategies, and setting goals for the next period. The updated goals should be realistic, measurable, and aligned with the overall business objectives.

Sales Performance Review Methods:

Different methods and approaches can be used for sales performance review, depending on the company’s needs and resources.

• Self-Assessment:

Sales representatives evaluate their own performance, highlighting their achievements, challenges, and areas for improvement. This can provide valuable insights into the individual’s perspective.

• Managerial Review:

Sales managers conduct performance evaluations, assessing each salesperson’s output against set targets and providing guidance for improvement. Managers may also provide qualitative feedback about behaviors and skills.

• Peer Review:

Colleagues provide feedback to each other. This method promotes collaboration and provides a different perspective on performance.

• 360-Degree Feedback:

Combines feedback from managers, peers, subordinates, and customers, providing a comprehensive view of performance from multiple angles.

Challenges in Sales Performance Review:

• Subjectivity:

Managers’ biases can influence the assessment, leading to subjective evaluations that may not fully reflect the salesperson’s actual performance.

• Incomplete Data:

If the sales data collected is incomplete or inaccurate, it can lead to incorrect conclusions and ineffective strategies.

• Lack of Consistency:

Inconsistent evaluation methods or criteria across teams and periods can make it difficult to draw meaningful comparisons.

• Resistance to Feedback:

Sales representatives may resist feedback or perceive performance reviews as punitive rather than constructive, affecting morale and performance.

Action Based on Sales Performance Review:

• Training and Development:

Addressing skill gaps by providing additional training, especially for areas where sales teams are underperforming.

• Strategy Adjustment:

Revising sales strategies, such as adjusting target markets, offering new incentives, or improving the sales pitch, based on the performance analysis.

• Setting New KPIs:

Adjusting or introducing new key performance indicators to better align the team with the business goals.

• Incentive and Recognition Programs:

Recognizing top performers through incentives and rewards to motivate them and set an example for the rest of the team.

Price policy is an essential element of a company’s marketing and business strategy. It involves setting a framework for how prices are determined, adjusted, and managed to achieve specific business goals while satisfying customer needs and aligning with market dynamics. Several factors influence the development of a price policy, from internal business goals to external market conditions.

Cost Structure

The first consideration in any pricing policy is the cost structure of the business. A company must ensure that its pricing covers the costs of production, distribution, and marketing while generating adequate profits. These costs are typically divided into fixed costs (e.g., rent, salaries) and variable costs (e.g., raw materials, direct labor). The price must be set high enough to recover these costs and provide a margin for profitability.

• Example: A manufacturing company may calculate the total cost of producing a product and add a markup to cover both fixed and variable costs, ensuring that each sale contributes to fixed costs and profitability.

Pricing must also take into account economies of scale—as production increases, unit costs tend to decrease, which can influence price adjustments and overall pricing strategy.

Competitive Environment

The competitive landscape is another important factor in shaping pricing policies. A business must be aware of its competitors’ pricing strategies and ensure its prices are competitive without undermining profit margins. Businesses can adopt different strategies based on competitive positioning:

• Penetration Pricing: This involves setting lower prices than competitors to attract market share, typically used by new entrants.
• Price Matching: Some businesses adopt a pricing policy where they match or beat competitors’ prices to maintain competitiveness.
• Price Skimming: A business may set higher prices initially, especially if it offers a unique product or service that has few or no competitors.

In competitive markets, businesses must regularly monitor competitors’ pricing and adjust their policies to avoid losing customers to lower-priced competitors or eroding their perceived value.

Customer Perception of Value

The value that customers perceive in a product or service plays a crucial role in determining its price. A customer’s willingness to pay is often influenced by factors such as the product’s quality, the reputation of the brand, and perceived benefits. Therefore, a price policy must align with these perceptions of value.

For example, premium pricing strategies are often used for luxury or high-end products where the perceived value is higher due to factors like exclusivity, design, or quality. On the other hand, value-based pricing strategies focus on offering a product at a price that reflects the value customers expect to receive in relation to the price they are willing to pay.

• Example: A company selling organic skincare products may price them higher, justifying the premium with the perception of higher quality and better benefits for customers.

Pricing Objectives

The pricing policy must also be guided by clear pricing objectives that align with the company’s overall business goals. These objectives can vary significantly depending on the market conditions and business strategy. Common pricing objectives are:

• Profit Maximization: Aiming to maximize profit per unit, typically through higher prices.
• Market Penetration: Setting lower prices to gain market share quickly and expand the customer base.
• Survival Pricing: Used when a company faces intense competition or economic challenges, pricing to simply cover costs and remain operational.
• Skimming Profit: Initially setting high prices to capture early adopters or customers willing to pay a premium for new or innovative products.

Each of these objectives can require a different approach to price setting, and the policy should reflect which objective the company prioritizes at any given time.

Legal and Regulatory Considerations

Businesses must consider legal and regulatory frameworks when setting prices, as these can impose restrictions on pricing strategies. In many countries, including India, laws prevent certain unfair pricing practices such as price gouging (unreasonably high prices during times of scarcity) and price-fixing (colluding with competitors to set prices).

For example, the Indian Competition Act, 2002 prohibits anti-competitive practices, including predatory pricing and price discrimination. Similarly, the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 in India regulates misleading advertisements and unfair trade practices, which also extend to pricing strategies.

Pricing policies must also comply with taxation laws (like Goods and Services Tax in India) to ensure that prices are set in a way that reflects the appropriate tax treatment of products and services.

External Economic Factors:

The broader economic environment also plays a significant role in shaping pricing decisions. Factors such as inflation, exchange rates, economic recessions, and purchasing power directly affect pricing strategies.

• Inflation: During inflationary periods, costs increase, and businesses may need to adjust their prices to reflect higher operational costs.
• Currency Fluctuations: For businesses involved in international trade, fluctuations in exchange rates can impact the cost of imported goods and services, requiring price adjustments.
• Economic Recession: In tough economic times, businesses may need to reduce prices or offer promotions to keep demand high and remain competitive.

Economic factors can also influence pricing models, such as dynamic pricing, where prices are adjusted in real-time based on market conditions, demand, and other external factors.

Distribution and Channel Considerations:

The pricing policy must also take into account the distribution channels used to sell products. Businesses often work with intermediaries such as wholesalers, retailers, or e-commerce platforms, and each level of distribution adds its own cost to the product. The price set at the consumer level must ensure that each party in the distribution chain receives an appropriate margin.

Additionally, channel-specific pricing may be necessary. For example, a product might have a different price in retail stores compared to an online platform due to differences in overhead costs and market dynamics.

• Example: A product might be priced lower on an online platform to attract e-commerce customers, while its in-store price could include additional costs such as rent and staff salaries.