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Involvement too is an internal state of mind which a consumer experiences. It makes one analyze and rationalize his/her choice. Involvement of consumers can be induced by external sources and agencies. Involvement is the embodiment of time, effort, consideration given and the enjoyment that is derived by consumer while choosing a product or service.

The involvement theory holds that there are low and high involvement purchases. Consumers’ involvement depends on the degree of involvement of purchase to a consumer. For example, while buying a loaf of bread, the consumer does not feel very much involved. It is because the life of the product is very short. Once it is consumed, it gets exhausted. If the consumer is not satisfied with the particular bread brand, he will purchase some other brand next time.

It is an inner urge that creates within an individual an interest/desire to hold certain product/service offerings in greater relevance/importance.

Involvement possesses certain properties:

a) It has a level of strength and intensity that determines the degree of involvement that a consumer possesses. This could be high or low. A highly involved consumer would actively search for information and collect facts, compare the various brands against each other on the basis of the information, assess differences and similarities between the various alternatives and finally make a choice. In other words, they collect process and integrate information very intensely, and finally arrive at a decision regarding the brand choice. On the other hand, a consumer low on involvement would not make so much of effort in collecting and processing information about varying alternative brands and taking a decision.

b) The length of time that the consumer remains in this heightened state determines the level of persistence. It could be short term and situational interest in the product/service category; or it could be long term and enduring.

c) It is directed towards any or all of the elements of the marketing mix. A person may show involvement towards the product (its features/attributes and benefits), the price, the store or the dealer or even the promotional effort (advertisement/sales promotion etc).

A mechanism underlies the very process of involvement. As a process, involvement is impacted by certain “antecedents” that get restrained by “moderating factors,” and finally affect its degree of intensity and level of persistence.

Depending on whether the involvement is short term or long term, consumer involvement could be of two types, viz., situational and enduring.

Situational involvement: This is a state of arousal directed towards attaching relevance to a person/object/situation for a short term. As an affective state, it creates a level of involvement when a person thinks about a particular person/object/situation. It is specific to a situation and is thus temporary in nature. It could vary from low to high, depending upon the situational factors.

For example, a middle aged lady suddenly decides to gift a laptop to her son on his birthday. She is not techno savvy and has little interest with the product category. She goes to the electronics mall and visits the various stores that sell computers and laptops. She collects information on the product features, prices, etc and finally takes the help of her middle aged neighbor to reach a final decision. Her involvement with the purchase activity would be regarded as a situational involvement.

Enduring involvement: When the level of involvement towards the product/service category extends over a period of time across situations, it is referred to as enduring involvement. The person shows a high-level of interest in the product category and spends time collecting and processing information and integrating it within his memory.

For example, a person desires to buy a laptop for his son to be gifted to him when he goes to college, which would be three years later. The father plans well in advance, tries to collect information through advertisements, brochures, trade journals, visits to dealers, and word of mouth from peers and colleagues. Within this period he gets involved with the product category and after three years is in a position to take a decision based on the facts that he has collected. This is referred to as enduring involvement.

Enduring involvement with a product category often gives birth to an opinion leader. An opinion leader is a person who holds interest in a particular product/service category, and becomes a specialist; he makes efforts to gather all information about the category, the brand offering etc.; he talks about and spreads the information and the knowledge that he possesses. When a person wants to make a purchase, he seeks the advice and guidance of such an opinion leader who helps him make a decision. Opinion leaders are product specific. In the example above, if the lady approaches her neighbour and takes his advice/guidance because the neighbour is young, techno savvy and knows a lot about electronics and in particular laptops, she would actually be taking help of what is known as an “opinion leader”.

Types of consumer involvement in buying

Certain factors affect the degree of involvement of buyers in making purchase decisions. These include their level of knowledge, information, psychology, culture, lifestyle, social system, etc. Even for the same product or service the degree of involvement of an individual may vary depending upon the circumstances. There are five types of involvement.

Commitment: Commitment is another important form of involvement. When a member of the family falls sick, the other family members are committed to arrange medical treatment for the suffering members. Similarly, functions like marriages entail the commitment of the entire family.

Ego involvement: Ego involvement is intended to satisfy one’s ego. For example, all the members of the family involve themselves in purchasing a product for a single member belonging to that family. Wife involves herself in the purchase of garments for her husband and husband involves himself in the purchase of cosmetics for his wife. Sons and daughters of the family significantly influence the purchase of laptop, TV, car, household furniture, etc. The ego of each family member is satisfied by consulting him/her before the purchase.

Communication in involvement: Communication involvement signifies sharing the available information with others in the family or organization. If one member has some information on the subject matter of decision, he should communicate it with the other members before arriving at a decision.

Purchase importance: Involvement of individuals depends upon the degree of importance of purchase. Suppose e flat costing lakhs of rupees is purchased, then the purchase decision assumes a great deal of importance in respect of location and area of the flat. The title deeds should be free from encumbrance.

Extent of information: Once the consumer recognizes the need, he then engages in a search process. Search means acquisition of information from the environment. The extent of information search is part of purchase importance. When the purchase is important, information is sought from all possible sources. But in the case of routine purchase of products and services, information search will be rather minimum.

Situational influences are temporary conditions that affect how buyers behave whether they actually buy your product, buy additional products, or buy nothing at all from you. They include things like physical factors, social factors, time factors, the reason for the buyer’s purchase, and the buyer’s mood. You have undoubtedly been affected by all these factors at one time or another. Because businesses very much want to try to control these factors, let’s now look at them in more detail.

The Consumer’s Physical Situation

Have you ever been in a department story and couldn’t find your way out? No, you aren’t necessarily directionally challenged. Marketing professionals take physical factors such as a store’s design and layout into account when they are designing their facilities. Presumably, the longer you wander around a facility, the more you will spend. Grocery stores frequently place bread and milk products on the opposite ends of the stores because people often need both types of products. To buy both, they have to walk around an entire store, which of course, is loaded with other items they might see and purchase.

Environmental Implications of Products

Environmental factors such as lighting, music, noise and aroma can either encourage or discourage the purchase of a product. A study by North, Hargreaves and McKendrick is a perfect example of how the choice of music affects purchase behavior. When French music was played in a store, the retailer saw a spike in the sale of French wine. Switching to German music saw sales increase for German wine. But atmospheric elements in the retail environment aren’t the only environmental influencers. Spatial factors also play a role. For example, the way in which a product is displayed can make it more desirable, while a crowded store or a long line at checkout can suddenly make that same product less compelling.

Purpose for Shopping Trip

The goal of a shopping trip is yet another theory involving situational influencers. A consumer searching for a birthday present, for instance, is in a store for a different purpose than someone casually shopping for a new outfit. The reason for shopping dictates the types of products customers are willing to interact with at that time and may cause them to bypass certain products they would normally interact with on another shopping trip. The same can be said for a trip to the grocery store. A customer out of milk will interact with different products than someone on her weekly shopping trip.

Social Aspects of Shopping

The social aspect of a purchase also involves situational influencers. Consumers unconsciously adjust their behavior to conform to the behavior of those in their company, and marketers have no way of changing this situation. A consumer is more apt stop to look at certain products when in the company of a friend as opposed to a parent, thereby influencing the potential of a purchase. Social aspects also can alter price point. A consumer may be persuaded to purchase a more expensive product when in the company of a colleague or potential partner than he would when with a friend or spouse.

Timing of Purchases

Much like the purpose of a purchase, timing also can influence consumer behavior. Someone in a rush will inevitably interact with fewer products than a consumer with hours to shop. Even if the two people are looking for the same type of product, the one in a hurry may end up with the most accessible product, while the leisurely shopper has time to interact with more products, giving her time to weigh the price and quality of the offerings.

State of Mind at Time of Interaction

Another situational factor known to influence behavior is state of mind. Someone feeling sad interacts differently with products than a shopper feeling happy. The interaction inevitably affects the opinion on a product and, in turn, the purchase behavior. But state of mind goes beyond mood or emotion and can entail personal conditions. Someone who’s sick interacts with different products than someone who’s healthy. The same can be said for someone who’s fatigued versus someone’s who’s full of energy.

There are two main correlations to remember here:

• Situations can influence an individual’s personality.
• An individual’s personality paired with the situation can help to predict behavior.

Companies can use these correlations to create stronger and more efficient teams. While unique circumstances may arise, understanding personality traits is the first step in developing a strong organization.