Tag: Double-Entry System

Fund Flow Statement is a financial report that explains the movement of funds within a business during a specific period. It shows the sources from which funds were obtained and the ways in which those funds were utilized. Unlike the income statement, which focuses on profitability, or the balance sheet, which reflects financial position at a given date, the Fund Flow Statement highlights changes in working capital and long-term financial planning.

The statement is particularly useful in analyzing how operational activities, investments, and financing decisions impact the financial health of the organization. For example, it reveals whether funds were generated from internal operations like profits or from external sources such as loans or equity. Similarly, it shows whether funds were applied to purchase fixed assets, repay debts, or increase working capital.

By identifying these movements, the Fund Flow Statement helps managers evaluate liquidity, financial stability, and the effectiveness of capital utilization. It also supports decision-making regarding investments, dividend policies, and future financing requirements. Thus, it serves as a bridge between the balance sheet and income statement, providing a dynamic view of how resources are managed within the business.

Objectives of Fund Flow Statement:

• Analyzing Sources and Applications of Funds

The primary objective of a fund flow statement is to explain where the business obtained its funds and how they were utilized during a given period. It identifies sources such as profits, loans, or equity and applications such as asset purchases, debt repayment, or dividend distribution. This clarity enables managers, investors, and stakeholders to understand the flow of resources. By analyzing both inflows and outflows, the statement provides a comprehensive view of financial management practices.

• Assessing Changes in Working Capital

The fund flow statement focuses on movements in working capital, which includes current assets and liabilities. It highlights whether operations have increased or decreased liquidity. For instance, if funds are tied up in inventories or receivables, working capital may decline. Conversely, efficient collections or reduced liabilities may improve liquidity. This assessment helps managers identify areas of concern in short-term financial management and ensures sufficient working capital is maintained for smooth operations.

• Supporting Long-Term Financial Planning

Another important objective of the fund flow statement is to assist in long-term financial planning. It reveals how funds are raised and applied to long-term uses such as purchasing fixed assets, expanding capacity, or restructuring debt. By showing how operations and financing decisions affect long-term stability, the statement becomes a tool for evaluating strategic initiatives. This information allows management to plan investments, funding strategies, and future capital needs with greater accuracy and foresight.

• Evaluating Financial Stability and Strength

The fund flow statement helps in evaluating a company’s overall financial strength and stability. By examining how funds are generated and applied, it indicates whether the business relies too heavily on external borrowing or sustains itself through internal operations. It also highlights repayment capacity and ability to finance growth. Investors and creditors use this information to assess risk and financial soundness, while management relies on it to safeguard the company’s long-term financial position.

• Identifying Causes of Financial Changes

One of the key objectives of the fund flow statement is to explain why a company’s financial position has changed between two balance sheet dates. It identifies specific factors such as increased borrowing, asset purchases, repayment of liabilities, or retained earnings that contributed to financial changes. By pinpointing exact causes, management can evaluate whether changes were beneficial or harmful to the business. This makes the statement a valuable diagnostic tool for financial analysis.

• Facilitating Decision-Making

The fund flow statement aids management in making informed financial decisions. By showing the movement of funds, it allows managers to decide on future investments, borrowing needs, or dividend policies. For instance, if funds are largely used for fixed asset purchases, management may delay dividends to preserve liquidity. Conversely, if internal operations generate sufficient funds, expansion plans can be pursued confidently. This decision-making support is one of the statement’s most practical and impactful objectives.

• Ensuring Efficient Utilization of Funds

Efficiency in utilizing available funds is crucial for business success. The fund flow statement helps assess whether resources are being applied productively or wasted. For example, funds used excessively in idle inventories reflect inefficiency, whereas investment in profitable ventures demonstrates effective use. By highlighting such patterns, the statement encourages better allocation of resources. Management can reallocate funds toward more productive areas, ensuring that capital contributes to growth, profitability, and sustainable business performance.

• Enhancing Communication with Stakeholders

The fund flow statement also serves as a communication tool between management and external stakeholders such as investors, creditors, and regulators. It provides transparency by disclosing how the business manages its financial resources. Stakeholders gain confidence when they see funds being generated and applied prudently. This enhances credibility and trust in the organization. By fulfilling this objective, the fund flow statement not only improves internal management control but also strengthens external stakeholder relationships.

Steps in Preparing a Fund Flow Statement:

Step 1. Collecting Financial Statements

The first step in preparing a fund flow statement is to collect the necessary financial information, primarily the balance sheets of the current year and the previous year. Additional data such as the income statement and schedules of non-current assets and liabilities may also be required. These documents provide the foundation for identifying changes in assets, liabilities, and equity. Without accurate and complete financial statements, preparing a reliable fund flow statement is not possible, making this step essential.

Step 2. Preparing a Schedule of Changes in Working Capital

After collecting data, the next step is to prepare a schedule of changes in working capital. This involves listing current assets and current liabilities from two consecutive balance sheets. The difference between them indicates an increase or decrease in working capital. An increase in current assets or decrease in current liabilities increases working capital, while the opposite reduces it. This schedule helps highlight how day-to-day operations and financial activities affect liquidity, forming the basis for analysis.

Step 3. Identifying Non-Current Items

The third step involves identifying non-current items such as fixed assets, long-term investments, long-term loans, and reserves. These items directly affect the flow of funds but are not part of working capital. For example, the purchase of machinery requires funds, while issuing long-term debentures generates funds. By isolating these items, businesses can evaluate how long-term financing and investment activities have influenced overall financial movement, providing a broader perspective beyond just operational working capital changes.

Step 4. Calculating Funds from Operations

Funds from operations represent the internal source of funds generated through business activities. To calculate this, the net profit from the income statement is adjusted for non-cash expenses like depreciation, amortization, and provisions, as well as non-operating incomes such as profit from asset sales. The adjusted figure reflects the actual cash flow generated from operations. This step ensures that only operating performance, free from accounting adjustments, is considered in the fund flow statement for accuracy.

Step 5. Determining Sources of Funds

After calculating operational funds, the next step is to list all sources of funds. These may include issuance of shares, raising long-term loans, sale of fixed assets, or internal accruals. Identifying sources is important because it reveals how the organization has financed its activities. By analyzing these sources, management can evaluate whether the company relies more on internal generation or external borrowing, which directly impacts long-term financial stability and strategic planning decisions.

Step 6. Determining Applications of Funds

Once sources are identified, the next step is to determine how those funds have been applied. Applications may include purchasing fixed assets, repaying loans, paying dividends, or increasing working capital. This step ensures that every inflow of funds is matched with a corresponding outflow. By listing applications, the statement highlights whether funds are used for growth, debt reduction, or operational needs. This analysis helps managers assess the efficiency and appropriateness of fund utilization within the business.

Step 7. Preparing the Fund Flow Statement

At this stage, the actual fund flow statement is prepared in a tabular format, clearly showing sources of funds on one side and applications of funds on the other. The statement also reconciles changes in working capital, ensuring that the net increase or decrease is fully explained. This structured presentation provides clarity on how funds have moved within the organization. It serves as a comprehensive financial summary that can be used by management, investors, and creditors.

Step 8. Analyzing and Interpreting Results

The final step is analyzing and interpreting the fund flow statement to draw meaningful conclusions. Managers examine whether funds were raised from internal or external sources and whether they were applied effectively. For example, heavy reliance on loans may signal financial risk, while investment in fixed assets may indicate expansion. This interpretation supports decision-making regarding future financing, cost control, and investment strategies. Without this step, the statement remains only a record rather than a decision-making tool.

Importance of Fund Flow Statement in Business Decision-Making:

• Evaluates Financial Health

A fund flow statement highlights the changes in financial position by showing sources and applications of funds. It helps in understanding whether funds are being generated from operations or borrowed from external sources. This evaluation provides a clear picture of the organization’s financial health. Business leaders use this information to assess liquidity, solvency, and financial strength. By examining how funds flow, managers can determine the long-term sustainability of operations and make strategic decisions for future growth.

• Assists in Working Capital Management

Effective working capital management is essential for ensuring smooth day-to-day operations. The fund flow statement provides insights into how working capital is increasing or decreasing and the reasons behind such changes. Managers can use this information to avoid liquidity crises, maintain an adequate cash balance, and manage current assets and liabilities effectively. This helps businesses balance short-term obligations with available resources, reducing financial stress and improving operational efficiency, which is vital for sustaining market competitiveness.

• Supports Investment Decisions

The fund flow statement helps businesses identify whether funds have been effectively utilized in long-term investments, such as purchasing fixed assets or expanding capacity. By analyzing applications of funds, managers can determine whether investments are productive and aligned with business goals. It also highlights the availability of surplus funds that can be reinvested for future growth. This clarity ensures that decisions regarding expansion, modernization, or diversification are based on reliable financial insights, reducing investment risks significantly.

• Guides Financing Decisions

Financing is a critical area in business decision-making. A fund flow statement shows the extent to which a company depends on external borrowings or internal accruals. It highlights how funds are raised through equity, debentures, or loans. This helps management decide on the most suitable financing mix. Understanding reliance on debt versus equity enables businesses to control financial risk, reduce interest costs, and maintain an optimal capital structure, ensuring long-term financial stability and investor confidence.

• Measures Operational Efficiency

By analyzing funds generated from operations, the fund flow statement reflects the efficiency of the core business activities. If a company consistently generates positive funds from operations, it signals strong performance. On the other hand, negative funds may indicate inefficiencies or over-dependence on external financing. This measure allows managers to evaluate profitability beyond accounting profits by focusing on actual cash flows. Thus, it plays an important role in monitoring operational efficiency and improving performance strategies.

• Aids in Strategic Planning

The fund flow statement provides a comprehensive overview of financial movements, making it a powerful tool for long-term strategic planning. Managers can use the insights to decide on future investments, debt restructuring, or cost-cutting measures. For example, if the statement shows excessive funds spent on debt repayments, strategies can be made to strengthen internal cash generation. By aligning fund flows with business objectives, management ensures that strategic plans are realistic, sustainable, and financially feasible.

• Enhances Stakeholder Confidence

Investors, creditors, and financial institutions rely on fund flow statements to evaluate the company’s financial management practices. A well-prepared fund flow statement demonstrates transparency in fund utilization and effective financial control. This enhances the confidence of stakeholders, encouraging them to invest or extend credit. It assures them that funds are not misused but allocated to productive areas. Building such trust strengthens business relationships and supports long-term growth by securing financial support when needed.

• Identifies Financial Risks

The fund flow statement is valuable in identifying potential financial risks, such as excessive reliance on borrowings or inefficient use of funds. By analyzing mismatches between sources and applications, management can detect early warning signs of financial distress. This allows corrective measures to be taken before issues escalate into crises. For example, if funds are being used primarily for debt repayment instead of expansion, it may signal liquidity problems. Early identification ensures timely and effective risk management.

Fund Flow Statement vs Cash Flow Statement

Maintenance of Accounts of Educational Institutions

A large number of educational institutions are registered under the India Society Registration Act, 1860. The purpose behind the formation of educational institutions is to spread education and not just earn profits. The following table lists out the sources for collection of amount and also the different types of expenses incurred by the educational institutions:

Main Source of Collection

• Admission fees, tuition fees, examination fees, fines, etc.
• Securities from students.
• Donations from public
• Grants from Government for building, prizes, maintenance, etc.

Types of Expenses / Payments

• Salary, allowances and provident fund contribution for teaching and non-teaching staff.
• Examination expenses
• Stationery & printing expenses
• Distribution of scholarships and stipends
• Purchase and repair of furniture & fixture
• Prizes
• Expenses on sports and games
• Festival and function expenses
• Library books
• Newspaper and magazines
• Medical expenses
• Audit fees and audit expenses
• Electricity expenses
• Telephone expenses
• Laboratory running & maintenance
• Laboratory equipment
• Building Repair & maintenance

Preliminary Audit of Educational Institutions

Following points need to be considered by an Auditor while conducting audit of educational institutions:

• It is to be confirmed whether the letter of his appointment (the Auditor’s) is in order.
• The Auditor should obtain a list of books, documents, register and other records as maintained by the educational institutions.
• He should examine the audit report of last year and should note down the observation and qualification, if any.
• He should note down the important provisions regarding to accounts and audit from the Trust Deed, Charter of Regulations.
• He should examine the Minutes of Meetings of the Board of Trustee or the Governing Body for important decisions regarding the sale or purchase of fixed assets, investments or delegation of finance power.
• In case of colleges and university, the Grants Commission provides Grants to them subject to certain conditions. The Auditor should study all the conditions concerning grants.
• The Auditor should examine the Code of State regarding grant-in-aid.
• He should be aware of all the provisions and rules of related laws concerning books of account and audit.

Internal Control System

The Auditor should independently check the internal control system regarding authorization procedures, record maintenance, safeguarding of assets, rotation and division of staff duty, etc. Following are some of the important aspects that need to be considered by an Auditor to keep a check on the internal control system −

• Whether internal control and internal check system is working, if yes, how effectively.
• Is there is any system to physically verify the fixed assets, stores and consumables at regular interval.
• An Auditor should verify the control system concerning proper authorization, obtaining quotations, proper maintenance of accounts and record regarding purchase of fixed assets, purchase of material, investment, etc.
• Whether bank reconciliation statement is prepared at regular intervals and what kind of action is taken for uncleared cheque which were pending since long.
• Whether waiver of fees is properly sanctioned by appropriate authorities.
• The person who is collecting fees and the cashier should not be the same person.
• Class wise fees receivable and the actual fees received reconcile or not.
• Whether collected fees is deposited in bank on a daily basis.
• Fees collection register should be maintained on a daily basis.
• Whether approved list of supplier of sports material, stationery, lab items are readily available.
• Whether control system for payment is adequate or not.
• The system of letting out conference hall and class rooms, etc. for seminars and conventions.
• Whether fees structure is properly authorized along with change in fee structure if any.

Audit of Assets and Liabilities

The following points need to be considered while conducting an audit of Assets and Liabilities −

• Verification of Assets register should be done considering grants on purchase of assets, if any received from State Government/ University Grant Commission (UGC).
• Verification of depreciation is very important; it should be according to useful life of assets or as per the Companies Act, whichever is applicable.
• If educational institution is running under Indian Public Trust Act, it is must for an Auditor to check, where investments have been made, because as per the Indian Public Trust Act, investment can be made in specific securities only.
• If donation is received in the form of investment, an Auditor has to check all related correspondence with the donor.
• All the applicable requirements of law should be fulfilled for the purchase of investments and fixed assets.
• An Auditor should read and note down the state code and provisions relating to the conditions and procedures of Grants. He should also verify the requirements of State/UGC which are to be fulfilled by educational institutions for receiving Grants and also for continuations of Grants.

Audit of Income of Educational Institutions

The following points need to be considered by an Auditor while conducting audit of the Income of Educational Institutions:

• Fees and charges received on account of admission fees, tuition fees, sports fees, examination fees etc. should be verified based on the approved fees structure.
• Verification of counterfoil copies of fees receipt with fees received register should be done.
• Prescribed conditions by the State Government and the University Grants Commission should be verified whether fulfilled or not.
• Cash book should be verified with counterfoil of receipt book and fees register.
• Fees receivable and actual fees received should be reconciled.
• Charges and fees received and receivable should be examined on account of hostel accommodation, mess, housekeeping and clothing, etc.
• Cash book should be verified with the donation received register.
• Donation received should be accounted for according to the nature of donation means careful distinction should be there for revenue nature donation and capital nature donations; the same procedure is to be followed for Grants received.
• The purpose and utilization of grant should be same.
• Investment register and cash book should be verified for income received on account of interest on investment and dividends, etc.

Audit of Expenses of Educational Institutions

The following points need to be considered by an Auditor while conducting audit of Expenses of Educational Institutions:

• Electricity expenses, telephone expenses, water charges, stationery and printing, purchase of sports items should be properly verified with quotation, purchase bills, inward register and Bills received from service providers, etc. All purchases should be authorized by appropriate person.
• In case where hostels purchase food items, provisions, clothing, etc. should be properly verified.
• Verification of Tax Deducted at Source, Employee State Insurance and Provident Fund should be checked. It is also very important that all deducted amount should be deposited in appropriate Government accounts well within time without any default. These can be verified from relevant bank challans.
• Payment made on account of salary should be verified from terms of appointment and increment policy. Auditor should verify the computation of salary and check whether all required deductions are made out of it or not like advance salary, loan installment, absence from duty, ESI (Employee State Insurance), PF (Provident Fund), etc. The Net Salary Payable amount will be verified from cash book and bank pass book for salary paid.
• Terms and conditions, cash book, voucher and receipts should be the basis for the verification of scholarship paid.
• Appropriate provision should be made on account of outstanding payments.

In vouching, payments shown on cash book, an auditor should see that payment has been made wholly and exclusively for the business of the client and that it is properly authorized by the person who is competent to do so.

Vouching of Cash Transaction

In a business concern, cash book is maintained to account for receipts and payments of cash. It is an important financial book for a business concern. Errors and frauds arise mostly in connection with receipts and payments of cash by making misappropriations wherever possible. Hence the auditor should see whether all receipts have been recorded in cash book and no fictitious payment appears on the payment side of cash book.

General Points to be Considered while Vouching Cash Transactions

The auditor should consider the following general points while vouching the cash transactions:

1. Internal Check System

Before starting the vouching of cash book, the auditor should enquire about the internal check system in operation. If there is no well organized internal check system, there are lot of chances of misappropriation of cash. He should study carefully the internal check systems regarding cash sales and other receipts. The internal control needs to be revised periodically and suitable modification is done to make it more effective.

2. The auditor should verify and test the system of accounting

The system of accounting should be tested for its accuracy of recording cash transactions. By suppressing the receipt of cash and overstatement of payments, fraud can be committed.

3. Examination of Test Checking

As far as possible, all cash transactions are to be checked elaborately. However, if the auditor is satisfied that there is an efficient internal check system, he can resort to test checking. In such a case, he may check a few items at random and if he finds that they are all in order and free from irregularities, he has reason to assume that the remaining transactions will be correct.

4. Comparison of rough Cash Book with the Cash Book

Usually, cash receipts are entered first in the rough cash book before they are entered in the cash book. The auditor should examine the entries in the rough cash book and main cash book and then compare them to detect whether there is any error or irregularity.

5. Examine the Method of Depositing Cash Receipts Daily

The auditor should examine the method adopted for depositing daily cash receipts in bank. The pay in slip should invariably be used for this purpose. Accounting of receipts should not be delayed. Adjusting customer’s account with allowances and rebates are not actually allowed. Misappropriation of cash is possible to the extent of adjustment.

6. Preparing of Bank Reconciliation Statement

The auditor should prepare a Bank Reconciliation Statement verifying the bank balance with cash book and pass book and find out the reasons for the difference between the bank balance as per Pass Book and that of in the Cash Book.

7. Verification of Cash in Hand

The auditor should verify the cash in hand by actually counting it and see whether it agrees with cash book balance.

8. Ensuring Proper Control of Receipts Book

The auditor should see whether receipt books are kept under proper control. While doing so, he should enquire as to whether all receipts are in printed forms, whether counterfoil receipts are used or a system of carbon copy is used, and all receipt books and all receipts are separately and consecutively numbered.

He should compare the particulars as regards to date, amount, name, etc. with cash book entries. If there are certain entries in cash book for which receipts have been issued, they should be carefully checked. The receipts have to be signed by a responsible officer, and not by the cashier.

The unused receipt book should be kept in safe custody with some responsible officials. Along with cash receipt, the rule for granting cash discount should be examined. If there is a system under which a receipt accompanies the receipt of cash, such a receipt, usually known as delivery note should be properly signed and returned to the customer.

Audit Note Book is a register maintained by the audit staff to record important points observed, errors, doubtful queries, explanations and clarifications to be received from the clients. It also contains definite information regarding the day-to-day work performed by the audit clerks. In short, audit note book is usually a bound note book in which a large variety of matters observed during the course of audit are recorded. The note book should be maintained clearly, completely and systematically. It serves as authentic evidence in support of work done to protect the auditor against any legal charge initiated against him for negligence. It is of immense help to the auditor in preparing audit report. It also acts as a valuable guide for conducting audit for future years.

E.L. Kohler formulated a detailed definition for the term. According to him,

“Audit note book is a record, used chiefly in recurring audits, containing data of work done and comments outside the regular subject matter of working papers. It generally contains such items as the audit programme, notations showing how sections of the audit are carried out during successive examinations, information needed for the auditor’s office and for staff administration, personnel assignment, time requirements and notations for use in succeeding examination”.

Contents of Audit Note Book

An audit notebook generally consists of the following information:

1. The nature of the business and summary of important documents relating to the constitution of the business such as Memorandum of Association, Articles of Association or Partnership Deed, etc.
2. A list of the books of accounts maintained.
3. Particulars as to the system of accounts followed and the system of internal check in force.
4. Names of principal officers, their duties and responsibilities.
5. Progress of audit work together with the dates on which the work was undertaken and completed.
6. Extracts from correspondence with different authorities.
7. Audit programme.
8. Allocation of work among different audit staff.
9. All queries which have not been clarified so far.
10. Lists of missing receipts, vouchers, bills, etc.
11. Any special point arising during the course of audit to which the attention of the auditor must be drawn.
12. Particulars of cash balances, investments, fixed deposits, and the reconciliation statements of principal bank accounts.
13. Extracts of the minutes and contracts affecting the accounts.
14. Record of audit work done with dates of commencement and of completion.
15. Particulars regarding the financial policies followed by the business.
16. All mistakes and errors discovered.
17. Points to be incorporated in the audit report.
18. Points, which need further explanations and clarifications.
19. All important matters for future reference at subsequent audits.
20. Information of permanent nature relating to the business and notes of all important technical transactions.

These matters are very useful in preparing the audit programmes for subsequent audits.

Advantages of Audit Note Book

1. Facilitates Audit Work

It facilitates the work of an auditor as all important details about the audit are recorded in the note book which the audit clerk cannot remember everything at all the time. It helps in remembering and recalling the important matters relating to the audit work.

2. Preparation of Audit Report

Audit note book helps in providing required data for preparing the audit report. An auditor examines the audit note book before preparing and finalizing the audit report

3. Serves as Documentary Evidence

Audit note book serves as a documentary evidence in the court of law when a suit is filed against the auditor for his negligence.

4. Serves as a Guide

When a audit assistant is changed before the completion of audit work, audit note book serves as a guide in completion of balance work. It also acts as a guide for carrying on subsequent audits.

5. Evaluating Work of Audit Staff

It helps to assess the work performed by the audit staff and helps in evaluating their level of efficiency.

6. Fixation of Responsibility

Audit note book helps in fixing responsibility on concerned clerk who is responsible for any undetected errors and frauds in the course of audit.

7. No Dislocation of Audit Work

An audit note book contains all important details about audit hence any change in the audit staff will not disturb or dislocate the audit work.

Disadvantages of Audit Note Book

1. Fault-finding Attitude

It leads to development of a fault-finding attitude in the minds of the staff.

2. Misunderstanding

Very often maintenance of audit note book creates misunderstanding between the client’s staff and the audit staff.

3. Improper Preparation

Since it serves as evidence in the court of law, it needs to be prepared with great caution. When the note book is prepared without due care it cannot be used as evidence against the auditor for negligence.

4. Adverse Effects on Subsequent Audits

Since audit note book is used in performing subsequent audits, any mistakes in the note book may have adverse impacts on the next audit.