Company Secretary, Meaning, Types, Qualification, Appointment, Position, Rights, Duties, Liabilities & Removal, or dismissal

Company Secretary (CS) is a key managerial personnel (KMP) who ensures that a company complies with statutory and regulatory requirements and that the board of directors’ decisions are implemented effectively. Under Section 2(24) of the Companies Act, 2013, a Company Secretary is defined as a member of the Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI) who is appointed to perform the functions of a company secretary.

According to Section 203 of the Act, every listed company and other prescribed class of public companies must appoint a whole-time Company Secretary. Their appointment must be made by a resolution of the Board, and details must be filed with the Registrar of Companies (ROC) using Form DIR-12.

The primary responsibilities of a Company Secretary include ensuring compliance with company law, preparing board meeting agendas and minutes, filing statutory returns, maintaining company records, assisting in corporate governance, advising directors on legal obligations, and liaising with shareholders, regulatory authorities, and other stakeholders.

In addition to administrative and compliance duties, the CS acts as a bridge between the board, shareholders, and regulators, helping the company operate transparently and legally.

The Company Secretary holds a position of trust, integrity, and authority, and plays a pivotal role in the smooth functioning and legal standing of a company. Their work ensures the company is in good standing with all applicable laws and maintains proper governance standards.

Roles of a Company Secretary:

The role of a Company Secretary is multifaceted, involving advisory, administrative, and compliance functions.

• Corporate Governance

One of the primary roles of a company secretary is to ensure the company adheres to principles of good corporate governance. This includes ensuring transparency in the company’s operations, protecting the interests of stakeholders, and ensuring the board’s decisions are in compliance with applicable regulations.

• Compliance Officer

CS ensures that the company complies with statutory and regulatory requirements such as the Companies Act, 2013, SEBI regulations, and other corporate laws. They are responsible for maintaining accurate records and filing necessary documents with regulatory bodies.

• Advisory Role

Company Secretary provides legal and strategic advice to the board of directors on matters related to corporate laws, mergers and acquisitions, taxation, and financial structuring. They play a crucial role in corporate decision-making by advising on the legal implications of board decisions.

• Liaison Officer

CS acts as a liaison between the company and various stakeholders, such as shareholders, regulatory authorities, and government bodies. They ensure that all communications between these entities are timely, transparent, and accurate.

• Board and General Meetings Management

Company Secretary is responsible for organizing and managing board meetings, annual general meetings (AGMs), and extraordinary general meetings (EGMs). They ensure that proper notices are sent out, and minutes of the meetings are recorded accurately.

• Documentation and Record-Keeping

CS is responsible for maintaining statutory registers, including the register of members, directors, charges, and contracts. They also ensure the safekeeping of company documents, such as the Memorandum of Association (MoA) and Articles of Association (AoA).

• Ensuring Transparency and Disclosure

CS ensures that the company adheres to the necessary disclosure requirements, including the timely publication of financial reports, audits, and shareholder communications.

Types of Company Secretaries:

Depending on the nature and structure of the organization, Company Secretaries can assume different types of roles:

1. Whole-Time Company Secretary

This is a full-time position, where the individual is employed by the company and works exclusively for that organization. Under the Companies Act, certain companies are required to appoint a whole-time company secretary. Public companies with a paid-up capital of Rs. 10 crores or more are mandated to have a whole-time company secretary.

2. Part-Time Company Secretary

Company may engage a company secretary on a part-time basis, especially if it does not meet the threshold requirement for a whole-time CS. However, this is more common in smaller organizations or private companies where the responsibilities are less demanding.

3. Practicing Company Secretary (PCS)

Company Secretary may practice independently by providing professional services to various clients rather than working for one specific company. A PCS provides services such as corporate compliance, audits, legal advice, secretarial audits, and certification of documents. They also assist in filings, mergers, and the winding up of companies.

4. Company Secretary in Practice (CSP)

These professionals operate as consultants, providing companies with expert guidance on legal matters, governance, and compliance without being full-time employees. Their services are invaluable in corporate structuring, auditing, and advising on regulatory changes.

5. Company Secretary in Employment (Non-Practicing)

These are qualified members of ICSI employed in companies but not engaged in practice. They do not hold a Certificate of Practice and perform their duties internally. Their focus is on corporate law compliance, internal governance, reporting, and strategic decision-making support. Although they have the same academic background as practicing CS, their scope is limited to the company they are employed with.

6. Independent Company Secretary Consultant

An Independent CS Consultant provides specialized legal and compliance-related consultancy services without formally holding a Certificate of Practice. They may advise on mergers, acquisitions, restructuring, IPOs, or policy formulation. Though they cannot sign statutory documents like a PCS, they add value by offering expert guidance to legal departments and boards of directors.

7. Government Company Secretary

Company Secretaries are also appointed in government-owned companies or Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs). They play a vital role in ensuring that such companies adhere to the legal and regulatory framework while maintaining transparency and accountability.

8. Company Secretary in Law Firms or Consultancy Firms

These professionals work with law firms, audit firms, or management consultancies, assisting in client projects involving corporate law, secretarial audit, legal drafting, and compliance services. Though not working directly in a company, they support client companies by preparing legal documents and advising on secretarial practices. Their exposure is wider due to handling multiple industries.

9. Academic or Research-Oriented Company Secretaries

Some Company Secretaries pursue teaching, academic research, or training roles in universities, colleges, or institutions like ICSI. They contribute by educating future CS professionals, conducting seminars, and publishing research on governance, law, and compliance. Though not directly involved in corporate work, they are essential for spreading knowledge and shaping policy.

Qualification of a Company Secretary:

To qualify as a Company Secretary in India, an individual must:

1. Complete the Company Secretary Course offered by the Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI).

2. Pass three stages of the CS examination:

• • CSEET (CS Executive Entrance Test)
  • CS Executive
  • CS Professional

3. Undergo mandatory practical training as prescribed by ICSI.

4. Hold membership with ICSI, designated as an Associate Member (ACS) or Fellow Member (FCS).

Additionally, a CS should have strong legal, corporate, and managerial knowledge and skills.

Appointment of a Company Secretary:

1. Legal Provisions

• As per the Companies Act, 2013, every company with a paid-up capital of ₹10 crores or more is required to appoint a full-time Company Secretary.
• The board of directors is responsible for the appointment through a resolution.

2. Procedure for Appointment

• Board Resolution: The board passes a resolution for the appointment of the Company Secretary.
• Letter of Appointment: An official letter is issued to the selected candidate.
• Filing with ROC: The company files Form DIR-12 with the Registrar of Companies (ROC) within 30 days of the appointment.

Position of a Company Secretary:

A Company Secretary holds a dual role:

• As an Employee: A salaried officer bound by the terms of employment.
• As a Principal Officer: Acting as a key managerial personnel responsible for legal compliance, governance, and advising the board.

The Company Secretary’s responsibilities span various domains, including:

• Maintaining statutory registers and records.
• Advising the board on legal and governance matters.
• Coordinating shareholder meetings and preparing reports.

Rights of Company Secretaries:

A Company Secretary is not only an officer of the company but also a key managerial personnel under Section 2(51) of the Companies Act, 2013. To perform their duties effectively, they are granted several important rights. These rights empower the secretary to ensure legal compliance, assist in governance, and act as a bridge between the board and stakeholders.

• Right to Access Books and Records

A Company Secretary has the legal right to access the statutory books, records, registers, and documents of the company. This right enables them to carry out duties like maintaining registers, preparing minutes, and ensuring compliance with statutory requirements. Without access, they cannot fulfill their legal responsibilities effectively. This right ensures transparency and operational efficiency, and allows them to advise the board accurately.

• Right to Attend Board Meetings

Under their managerial capacity, Company Secretaries have the right to attend meetings of the board of directors and committees. While they may not have voting rights (unless also a director), their presence ensures that board procedures are lawfully conducted. They assist in drafting agendas, recording minutes, and advising on legal aspects. Their attendance helps maintain procedural correctness and acts as a compliance checkpoint for board decisions.

• Right to Receive Notices of Meetings

Company Secretaries are entitled to receive notices, agendas, and resolutions related to all meetings—Board, General, or Committee. This right ensures they stay updated with the company’s decision-making process and prepare necessary documentation. Timely access to such notices is essential for drafting minutes, ensuring quorum, and advising the board on procedural matters during meetings.

• Right to Represent the Company

The Company Secretary has the right to represent the company before regulatory bodies, such as the Registrar of Companies (ROC), Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), SEBI, and stock exchanges. They can file documents, respond to notices, and communicate on compliance matters. This right makes them the primary liaison between the company and statutory authorities, helping avoid legal complications and penalties.

• Right to Legal Protection

As a Key Managerial Personnel, a Company Secretary is protected from liability for acts done in good faith during the discharge of official duties. If they act within their authority and legal framework, they are not held personally responsible for the consequences of company decisions. This right offers protection and confidence to perform duties diligently without fear of personal risk.

• Right to Resign

A Company Secretary, like any other employee, has the right to resign from their position by providing proper notice as per the terms of their appointment. Upon resignation, they must ensure a smooth handover and compliance with exit formalities. This right ensures the individual’s freedom of employment and ability to explore new opportunities without being bound indefinitely.

• Right to Remuneration

A Company Secretary has the legal right to receive remuneration or salary as agreed upon in the terms of employment or appointment. The compensation may include fixed salary, bonuses, incentives, or consultancy fees in case of a Practicing Company Secretary. This right ensures financial recognition for the responsibilities carried out and reflects their professional standing within the corporate structure.

• Right to Professional Development

A Company Secretary is entitled to pursue professional education, certifications, and training to stay updated with legal, corporate, and compliance developments. Companies often encourage or sponsor such development as it benefits both the secretary and the organization. This right promotes continual learning and ensures that the CS is well-equipped to deal with dynamic business environments and legal reforms.

Duties of Company Secretary:

A Company Secretary (CS) is a vital officer and Key Managerial Personnel (KMP) as defined under Section 2(51) of the Companies Act, 2013. The CS is entrusted with a broad spectrum of responsibilities concerning legal compliance, corporate governance, administration, and communication with stakeholders. Below are the core duties:

• Ensuring Legal and Statutory Compliance

A primary duty of the Company Secretary is to ensure that the company adheres to all applicable laws, rules, and regulations, especially those laid down under the Companies Act, SEBI regulations, labour laws, tax laws, and other business-related legislations. This includes timely filing of returns, maintaining statutory registers, and ensuring that business activities are carried out within the legal framework. Non-compliance can result in penalties, and the CS plays a key role in preventing this.

• Conducting Board and General Meetings

The CS is responsible for making necessary arrangements for Board Meetings, Committee Meetings, and General Meetings of shareholders. This includes sending notices, drafting the agenda, ensuring quorum, and recording the minutes. The CS ensures that meetings follow legal protocols and decisions are documented correctly. Their guidance helps the Board function smoothly and in accordance with corporate governance norms.

• Maintaining Company Records and Registers

The Company Secretary is tasked with maintaining various statutory registers and records such as the register of members, register of directors, register of charges, and minutes books. These documents are legally required and must be kept up-to-date. Proper record-keeping ensures transparency, helps during audits or inspections, and protects the company in case of legal scrutiny.

• Advising the Board of Directors

One of the key roles of a CS is to advise the Board on corporate governance, legal obligations, and regulatory developments. They provide professional input on legal consequences of decisions and recommend actions to remain compliant. The CS acts as a bridge between the board’s strategic decisions and their lawful execution. Their expert advice helps the board in risk assessment and ethical decision-making.

• Filing Returns and Documents with Authorities

The CS is responsible for the timely filing of statutory returns and forms with the Registrar of Companies (ROC), SEBI, stock exchanges, and other authorities. Common filings include annual returns, financial statements, board resolutions, appointment or resignation of directors, and share allotments. Timely and accurate filing avoids legal penalties and maintains the company’s good standing.

• Facilitating Corporate Governance

The CS plays a crucial role in establishing and promoting sound corporate governance practices within the organization. This includes implementation of board policies, maintaining transparency, ensuring accountability, and encouraging ethical behaviour. The CS monitors compliance with governance codes and liaises with directors to ensure responsible business conduct. Good governance builds investor confidence and enhances the company’s reputation.

• Acting as a Communication Link

The Company Secretary acts as the main communication link between the company and its stakeholders, including shareholders, government departments, regulatory bodies, and stock exchanges. They ensure that communication is transparent, timely, and consistent. For listed companies, they are often the Compliance Officer under SEBI regulations, making them responsible for disclosures and investor relations.

• Assisting in Mergers, Acquisitions, and Restructuring

In cases of mergers, acquisitions, amalgamations, or internal restructuring, the CS assists with the legal documentation, due diligence, drafting of schemes, and regulatory filings. Their knowledge of corporate law helps the management navigate complex legal procedures. The CS ensures that restructuring activities comply with legal frameworks and are executed efficiently.

Liabilities of a Company Secretary:

1. Legal Liabilities

• Non-compliance with statutory duties: Liable for penalties if the company fails to adhere to regulatory requirements.
• Signing False Statements: Held accountable for any false or misleading certifications.
• Fraudulent Activities: Liable for criminal proceedings under the Companies Act or other laws.

2. Professional Liabilities

• Responsible for maintaining confidentiality and professional integrity.
• Answerable to the board and regulatory authorities for professional misconduct.

Responsibilities of a Company Secretary:

The responsibilities of a Company Secretary vary depending on the size and complexity of the company, but key responsibilities:

1. Statutory Compliance

• Ensuring compliance with the Companies Act, 2013, SEBI regulations, and other applicable laws.
• Filing returns, forms, and reports with the Registrar of Companies (RoC), SEBI, and other regulatory authorities within the stipulated deadlines.
• Ensuring proper maintenance of the company’s statutory books and registers, such as the register of directors, register of members, and register of charges.

2. Corporate Governance

• Advising the board on good governance practices and ensuring compliance with corporate governance norms as per the Companies Act and SEBI guidelines.
• Assisting the board in understanding their legal and fiduciary responsibilities, ensuring board procedures are followed and decisions are compliant.

3. Meeting Coordination

• Calling and convening board meetings, annual general meetings (AGMs), and extraordinary general meetings (EGMs).
• Preparing meeting agendas, sending notices, and recording minutes of the meetings.
• Ensuring that resolutions passed by the board are in accordance with legal requirements.

4. Filing and Documentation

• Ensuring timely filing of annual returns, financial statements, and other documents with the RoC and other regulatory authorities.
• Managing the company’s legal documents and ensuring that they are securely stored and updated as per legal requirements.

5. Shareholder Relations

• Acting as a point of contact for shareholders, addressing their grievances, and ensuring that dividends and other payments are made on time.
• Facilitating the transfer and transmission of shares and maintaining the register of members.

6. Advisory Role

• Advising the board on legal issues, mergers and acquisitions, restructuring, and other corporate actions.
• Providing advice on corporate policies, financial strategies, and risk management.

7. Ethical Conduct

• Ensuring that the company adheres to ethical business practices and complies with its own internal rules and regulations.
• Promoting transparency in the company’s operations and ensuring the protection of shareholders’ interests.

Removal or Dismissal of a Company Secretary:

Grounds for Removal

• Misconduct: Breach of confidentiality or unethical practices.
• Inefficiency: Failure to perform duties effectively.
• Legal or Regulatory Issues: Violation of corporate laws or rules.
• Mutual Agreement: If the secretary and company agree to terminate the contract.

Procedure for Dismissal

1. Board Decision: A resolution is passed by the board of directors to terminate the Company Secretary.

2. Notice Period: A formal notice period, as specified in the employment contract, is served.

3. Settlement of Dues: Final settlement of salary, benefits, and dues is made.

4. Filing with ROC: The company must inform the ROC by filing Form DIR-12 about the cessation of the Company Secretary’s employment.

Post-Dismissal

• The Company Secretary can seek legal recourse if the dismissal was unjustified or violated the employment agreement.