by Process Consultation
The technique of process consultation is an improvement over the method of sensitivity training or T-Group in the sense that both are based on the similar premise of improving organisational effectiveness through dealing with interpersonal problems but process consultation is more tasks oriented than sensitivity training.
In process consultation the consultant or expert provides the trainee feedback and tell him what is going around him as pointed out by E H Schein that the consultant, “Gives the client ‘insight’ into what is going on around him, within him, and between him and other people.”
Under this technique the consultant or expert provides necessary guidance or advice as to how the participant can solve his own problem. Here the consultant makes correct diagnosis of the problem and then guides the participants.
The consultant according to E H Schein, “Helping the client to perceive, understand and act upon process events which occur in the clients’ environment.” Process consultation technique is developed to find solutions to the important problems faced by the organisation such as decision making and problem solving, communication, functional role of group members, leadership qualities. Consultant is an expert outside the organisation.
E H Schein has suggested the following steps for consultant to follow in process consultation:
(i) Initiate contact:
This is where the client contacts the consultant with a problem that cannot be solved by normal organisation procedures or resources.
(ii) Define the Relationship:
In this step the consultant and the client enter into both a formal contract spelling out services, time, and frees and a psychological contract. The latter spells out the expectations and hoped for results of both the client and the consultant.
(iii) Select a Setting and a Method:
This step involves an understanding of where and how the consultant will do the job that needs to be done.
(iv) Gather Data and Make a Diagnosis:
Through a survey using questionnaires, observation and interviews, the consultant makes a preliminary diagnosis. This data gathering occurs simultaneously with the entire consultative process.
(v) Intervene:
Agenda setting, feedback, coaching, and/or structural interventions can be made in the process consultation approach.
(vi) Reduce Involvement and Terminate:
The consultant disengages from the client organization by mutual agreement but leaves the door open for future involvement.” The organisation benefits from the process consultation to ease out interpersonal and intergroup problems. To use the technique of process consultation effectively the participants should take interest in it.
Third Party
Activities designed and conducted by a skilled consultant to manage interpersonal conflict in the process of organizational change.
Team Building
Team Building is another method of organisation development. This method is specifically designed to make improvement in the ability of employees and motivating them to work together. It is the organisation development technique which emphasizes on team building or forming work groups in order to improve organisational effectiveness.
These teams consist of employees of the same rank and a supervisor. This technique is an application of sensitivity training to the teams of different departments. The teams or work groups are pretty small consisting of 10 to 15 persons. They undergo group discussion under the supervision of an expert trainer usually a supervisor. The trainer only guides but does not participate in the group discussion.
This method of team building is used because people in general do not open up their mind and not honest to their fellows. As they does not mix up openly and fail to express their views to the peers and superiors. This technique helps them express their views and see how others interpret their views. It increases the sensitivity to others’ behaviour.
They become aware of group functioning. They get exposed to the creative thinking of others and socio-psychological behaviour at the workplace. They learn many aspects of interpersonal behaviour and interactions.
Transactional Analysis
Transactional analysis helps people to understand each other better. It is a useful tool for organisational development but it has diverse applications in training, counselling, interpersonal communication and making analysis of group dynamics. Nowadays, it is widely used as OD technique. It helps in developing more adult ego states among people of the organisation. It is also used in process consultation and team building.
