by Goal setting does not have to be boring. There are many benefits and advantages to having a set of goals to work towards.
Setting goals helps trigger new behaviors, helps guides your focus and helps you sustain that momentum in life.
Goals also help align your focus and promote a sense of self-mastery. In the end, you can’t manage what you don’t measure and you can’t improve upon something that you don’t properly manage. Setting goals can help you do all of that and more.
The Importance and Value of Goal Setting
Up until 2001, goals were divided into three types or groups (Elliot and McGregor (2001):
- Mastery goals
- Performance-approach goals
- Performance-avoidance goals
A mastery goal is a goal someone sets to accomplish or master something such as “I will score higher in this event next time.”
A performance-approach goal is a goal where someone tries to do better than his or her peers. This type of goal could be a goal to look better by losing 5 pounds or getting a better performance review.
A performance-avoidance goal is a goal where someone tries to avoid doing worse that there peers such as a goal to avoid negative feedback.
Research done by Elliot and McGregor in 2001 changed these assumptions. Until this study was published, it was assumed that mastery goals were the best and performance-approach goals were at times good, and other times bad. Performance-avoidance goals were deemed the worst, and, in fact, bad.
The implied assumption, as a result of this, was that there were no bad mastery goals or mastery-avoidance goals.
Elliot and McGregor’s study challenged those assumptions by proving that master-avoidance goals do exist and proving that each type of goal can, in fact, be useful depending on the circumstances.
Elliot and McGregor’s research utilized a 2 x 2 achievement goal framework comprised of:
- Mastery-approach
- Mastery-avoidance
- Performance-approach
- Performance-avoidance
These variables were tested in 3 studies. In experiments one and two, explanatory factor analysis was used to break down 12 goal-setting questions into 4 factors, as seen in the diagram below.
Confirmatory factor analysis was used at a later date to show that mastery-avoidance and mastery-approach fit the data better than mastery alone.
Why Set Goals in Life?
The truth is that some goals are achieved while others are not and it’s important to understand why.
Mark Murphy the founder and CEO of LeadershipIQ.com and author of the book “Hard Goals: The Secret to Getting from Where You Are to Where You Want to Be,” has gone through years of research in science and how the brain works and how we are wired as a human being as it pertains to goal setting.
Murphy’s book “Hard Goals: The Secret to Getting from Where You Are to Where You Want to Be” combines the latest research in psychology and brain science on goal-setting as well as the law of attraction to help fine-tune the process.
A HARD goal is an achieved goal, according to Murphy. Murphy tells us to put our present cost into the future and our future benefit into the present.
What this really means is don’t put off until tomorrow what you could do today. We tend to value things in the present moment much more than we value things in the future.
Setting goals is a process that changes over time. The goals you set in your twenties will most likely be very different from the goals you set in your forties.
Whatever your age doesn’t really matter in the end, as long as you continually revisit your life goals and work to update them.
Benefits of Goal Setting
Edward Locke and Gary Latham (1990) are leaders in goal-setting theory. According to their research, goals not only affect behavior as well as job performance, but they also help mobilize energy which leads to a higher effort overall. Higher effort leads to an increase in persistent effort.
Goals help motivate us to develop strategies that will enable us to perform at the required goal level.
Accomplishing the goal can either lead to satisfaction and further motivation or frustration and lower motivation if the goal is not accomplished.
Goal setting can be a very powerful technique, under the right conditions according to the research. (Locke and Latham).
According to Lunenburg (2011), the motivational impact of goals may, in fact, be affected by moderators such as self-efficacy and ability as well.
5 Proven Ways Goal Setting is Effective
Locke and Latham’s research have shown us that goal setting is indeed very effective.
In the 1968 article “Toward a Theory of Task Motivation” Locke showed us that clear goals and appropriate feedback served as a good motivator for employees (Locke, 2004).
Locke’s research also revealed that working toward a goal is a major source of motivation, which, in turn, improves performance.
Locke reviewed over a decade of research of laboratory and field studies on the effects of goal setting and performance. Locke found that over 90% of the time, goals that were specific and challenging, but not overly challenging, led to higher performance when compared to easy goals or goals that were too generic such as a goal to do your best.
Dr. Gary Latham also studied the effects of goal setting in the workplace. Latham’s results supported Locke’s findings and showed there is indeed a link that is inseparable between goal setting and workplace performance.
Locke and Latham published work together in 1990 with their work “A Theory of Goal Setting & Task Performance” stressing the importance of setting goals that were both specific and difficult.
Locke and Latham also stated that there are five goal-setting principles that can help improve your chances of success.
- Clarity
- Challenge
- Commitment
- Feedback
- Task Complexity
Clarity is important when it comes to goals. Setting goals that are clear and specific eliminate the confusion that occurs when a goal is set in a more generic manner.
Challenging goals stretch your mind and cause you to think bigger. This helps you accomplish more. Each success you achieve helps you build a winning mindset.
Commitment is also important. If you don’t commit to your goal with everything you have it is less likely you will achieve it.
Feedback helps you know what you are doing right and how you are doing. This allows you to adjust your expectations and your plan of action going forward.
Task Complexity is the final factor. It’s important to set goals that are aligned with the goal’s complexity.
Goal Setting Improve Performance
Goal setting and task performance were studied by Locke & Latham, (1991). Goal setting theory is based upon the simplest of introspective observations, specifically, that conscious human behavior is purposeful.
This behavior is regulated by one’s goals. The directedness of those goals characterizes the actions of all living organisms including things like plants.
Goal-setting theory, according to the research, states that the simplest and most direct motivational explanation on why some people perform better than others is because they have different performance goals.
Two attributes have been studied in relation to performance:
- Content
- Intensity
In regard to content, the two aspects that have been focused on include specificity and difficulty. Goal content can range from vague to very specific as well as difficult or not as difficult.
Difficulty depends upon the relationship someone has to the task. The same task or goal can be easy for one person, and more challenging for the next, so it’s all relative.
On average though the higher the absolute level is of a goal, the more difficult it is to achieve. According to research, there have been more than 400 studies that have examined the relationship of goal attributes to task performance.
According to Locke & Latham, (1991), it has been consistently found that performance is a linear function of a goal’s difficulty.
Given an adequate level of ability and commitment, the harder a goal, the higher the performance.
What the researchers discovered was that people normally adjust their level of effort to the difficulty of the goal. As a result, they try harder for difficult goals when compared to easier goals.
The principle of goal-directed action is not restricted to conscious action, according to the research.
Goal-directed action is defined by three attributes, according to Lock & Latham.
- Self-generation
- Value-significance
- Goal-causation
Self-generation refers to the source of energy integral to the organism. Value-significance refers to the idea that the actions not only make it possible but necessary to the organism’s survival. Goal-causation means the resulting action is caused by a goal.
While we can see that all living organisms experience some kind of goal-related action, humans are the only organisms that possess a higher form of consciousness, at least according to what we know at this point in time.
When humans take purposeful action, they set goals in order to achieve them.
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