Growth in Dividends: Normal growth and Super normal growth

15/02/2020 0 By indiafreenotes

One of the most important skills an investor can learn is how to value a stock. It can be a big challenge though, especially when it comes to stocks that have supernormal growth rates. These are stocks that go through rapid growth for an extended period of time, say, for a year or more.

Many formulas in investing, though, are a little too simplistic given the constantly changing markets and evolving companies. Sometimes when you’re presented with a growth company, you can’t use a constant growth rate. In these cases, you need to know how to calculate value through both the company’s early, high growth years, and its later, lower constant growth years. It can mean the difference between getting the right value or losing your shirt.

Supernormal Growth Model

The supernormal growth model is most commonly seen in finance classes or more advanced investing certificate exams. It is based on discounting cash flows. The purpose of the supernormal growth model is to value a stock that is expected to have higher than normal growth in dividend payments for some period in the future. After this supernormal growth, the dividend is expected to go back to normal with constant growth.

To understand the supernormal growth model we will go through three steps:

  • Dividend discount model (no growth in dividend payments)
  • Dividend growth model with constant growth (Gordon Growth Model)
  • Dividend discount model with supernormal growth

Dividend Discount Model: No Dividend Payments Growth

Preferred equity will usually pay the stockholder a fixed dividend, unlike common shares. If you take this payment and find the present value of the perpetuity, you will find the implied value of the stock.

For example, if ABC Company is set to pay a $1.45 dividend during the next period and the required rate of return is 9%, then the expected value of the stock using this method would be $1.45/0.09 = $16.11. Every dividend payment in the future was discounted back to the present and added together.

We can use the following formula to determine this model:

V= Dn/K

Where:

V=Value

Dn​=Dividend in the next period

k= Required rate of return​

Constant Growth Model: Gordon Growth Model

Next, let’s assume there is a constant growth in the dividend. This would be best suited for evaluating larger, stable dividend-paying stocks. Look to the history of consistent dividend payments and predict the growth rate given the economy the industry and the company’s policy on retained earnings.

Again, we base the value on the present value of future cash flows:

V = D1/ (k-g)

Where:

V=Value

D1=Dividend in the first period

k= Required rate of return

g=Dividend growth rate​

Dividend Discount Model with Supernormal Growth

Now that we know how to calculate the value of a stock with a constantly growing dividend, we can move on to a supernormal growth dividend.

One way to think about the dividend payments is in two parts: A and B. Part A has a higher growth dividend, while Part B has a constant growth dividend.

A) Higher Growth

This part is pretty straight forward. Calculate each dividend amount at the higher growth rate and discount it back to the present period. This takes care of the supernormal growth period. All that is left is the value of the dividend payments which will grow at a continuous rate.

B) Regular Growth

Still working with the last period of higher growth, calculate the value of the remaining dividends using the V = D÷ (k – g) equation from the previous section. But D1, in this case, would be next year’s dividend, expected to be growing at the constant rate. Now the discount goes back to the present value through four periods.

A common mistake is discounting back five periods instead of four. But we use the fourth period because the valuation of the perpetuity of dividends is based on the end of year dividend in period four, which takes into account dividends in year five and on.

The values of all discounted dividend payments are added up to get the net present value. For example, if you have a stock that pays a $1.45 dividend which is expected to grow at 15% for four years, then at a constant 6% into the future, the discount rate is 11%.